# vi: set sw=4 ts=4:

=head1 NAME

BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux

=head1 SYNTAX

 busybox <applet> [arguments...]  # or

 <applet> [arguments...]	    # if symlinked

=head1 DESCRIPTION

BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox
generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the
options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very
much like their GNU counterparts.

BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.
BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded
system.

BusyBox is extremely configurable.  This allows you to include only the
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make
menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.  Then run
'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.

After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory
specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox,
or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a
command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled
any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will
also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.

=head1 USAGE

BusyBox is a multi-call binary.  A multi-call binary is an executable program
that performs the same job as more than one utility program.  That means there
is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large
number of utilities.  This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in
utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common
operations.

You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
command line.  For example, entering

	/bin/busybox ls

will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful.  So most
people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.

For example, entering

	ln -s /bin/busybox ls
	./ls

will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).  Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these
links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run
the 'make install' command.

If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the
applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.

=head1 COMMON OPTIONS

Most BusyBox applets support the B<--help> argument to provide a terse runtime
description of their behavior.  If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has
been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.

=head1 COMMANDS

Currently available applets include:

	[, [[, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, awk, 
	basename, bbconfig, bbsh, blkid, brctl, bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, 
	bzip2, cal, cat, catv, chat, chattr, chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, 
	chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, cp, 
	cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, 
	deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, devfsd, devmem, df, 
	dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg_deb, 
	du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, e2fsck, echo, ed, egrep, eject, env, 
	envdir, envuidgid, ether_wake, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false, 
	fbset, fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgrep, find, findfs, 
	fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck_minix, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, 
	getenforce, getopt, getsebool, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, 
	hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, 
	hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifenslave, ifup, inetd, init, 
	inotifyd, insmod, install, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, 
	iplink, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, 
	killall5, klogd, lash, last, length, less, linux32, linux64, 
	linuxrc, ln, load_policy, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, 
	logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr, lsmod, 
	lzmacat, makedevs, makemime, man, matchpathcon, md5sum, mdev, 
	mesg, microcom, mkdir, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs_minix, mknod, mkswap, 
	mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, msh, mt, mv, nameif, 
	nc, netstat, nice, nmeter, nohup, nslookup, od, openvt, parse, 
	passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pipe_progress, 
	pivot_root, pkill, popmaildir, poweroff, printenv, printf, ps, 
	pscan, pwd, raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink, 
	readprofile, realpath, reboot, reformime, renice, reset, resize, 
	restorecon, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake, 
	run_parts, runcon, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, sed, 
	selinuxenabled, sendmail, seq, sestatus, setarch, setconsole, 
	setenforce, setfiles, setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, 
	setsebool, setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, showkey, slattach, 
	sleep, softlimit, sort, split, start_stop_daemon, stat, strings, 
	stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv, svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, 
	sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tc, tcpsvd, tee, 
	telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, top, touch, tr, 
	traceroute, true, tty, ttysize, tune2fs, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, 
	umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, 
	unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, 
	watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, zcip

=head1 COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS

=over 4

=item B<addgroup  >

addgroup   [B<-g> GID] [user_name] group_name

Add a group or add an user to a group

Options:

	-g GID	Group id



=item B<adduser   >

adduser    [OPTIONS] user_name

Add an user

Options:

	-h DIR		Home directory
	-g GECOS	GECOS field
	-s SHELL	Login shell
	-G GROUP	Add user to existing group
	-S		Create a system user
	-D		Do not assign a password
	-H		Do not create home directory



=item B<adjtimex  >

adjtimex   [B<-q>] [B<-o> offset] [B<-f> frequency] [B<-p> timeconstant] [B<-t> tick]

Read and optionally set system timebase parameters. See adjtimex(2).

Options:

	-q		Quiet
	-o offset	Time offset, microseconds
	-f frequency	Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
			(positive values make clock run faster)
	-t tick		Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
	-p timeconstant



=item B<ar        >

ar         [B<-o>] [B<-v>] [B<-p>] [B<-t>] [B<-x>] ARCHIVE FILES

Extract or list FILES from an ar archive

Options:

	-o	Preserve original dates
	-p	Extract to stdout
	-t	List
	-x	Extract
	-v	Verbose



=item B<arp       >

arp        
[B<-vn>]	[B<-H> type] [B<-i> if] B<-a> [hostname]
[B<-v>]		  [B<-i> if] B<-d> hostname [pub]
[B<-v>]	[B<-H> type] [B<-i> if] B<-s> hostname hw_addr [temp]
[B<-v>]	[B<-H> type] [B<-i> if] B<-s> hostname hw_addr [netmask nm] pub
[B<-v>]	[B<-H> type] [B<-i> if] B<-Ds> hostname ifa [netmask nm] pub


Manipulate ARP cache

Options:

	-a		Display (all) hosts
	-s		Set new ARP entry
	-d		Delete a specified entry
	-v		Verbose
	-n		Don't resolve names
	-i IF		Network interface
	-D		Read <hwaddr> from given device
	-A, -p AF	Protocol family
	-H HWTYPE	Hardware address type



=item B<arping    >

arping     [B<-fqbDUA>] [B<-c> count] [B<-w> timeout] [B<-I> dev] [B<-s> sender] target

Send ARP requests/replies

Options:

	-f		Quit on first ARP reply
	-q		Quiet
	-b		Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
	-D		Duplicated address detection mode
	-U		Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
	-A		ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
	-c N		Stop after sending N ARP requests
	-w timeout	Time to wait for ARP reply, in seconds
	-I dev		Interface to use (default eth0)
	-s sender	Sender IP address
	target		Target IP address



=item B<ash       >

ash        #define ash_full_usage 





=item B<awk       >

awk        [OPTION]... [program-text] [FILE...]

Options:

	-v var=val	Set variable
	-F sep		Use sep as field separator
	-f file		Read program from file



=item B<basename  >

basename   FILE [SUFFIX]

Strip directory path and suffixes from FILE.
If specified, also remove any trailing SUFFIX.

Example:

	$ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
	foo
	$ basename /usr/local/bin/
	bin
	$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
	bar



=item B<bbconfig  >

bbconfig          

Print the config file which built busybox



=item B<bbsh      >

bbsh       [FILE]...
or: bbsh B<-c> command [args]...

The bbsh shell (command interpreter)



=item B<blkid     >

blkid             

Print UUIDs of all filesystems.



=item B<brctl     >

brctl      COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]]

Manage ethernet bridges.

Commands:

	show			Show a list of bridges
	addbr BRIDGE		Create BRIDGE
	delbr BRIDGE		Delete BRIDGE
	addif BRIDGE IFACE	Add IFACE to BRIDGE
	delif BRIDGE IFACE	Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
	setageing BRIDGE TIME		Set ageing time
	setfd BRIDGE TIME		Set bridge forward delay
	sethello BRIDGE TIME		Set hello time
	setmaxage BRIDGE TIME		Set max message age
	setpathcost BRIDGE COST		Set path cost
	setportprio BRIDGE PRIO		Set port priority
	setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO	Set bridge priority
	stp BRIDGE [1|0]		STP on/off



=item B<bunzip2   >

bunzip2    [OPTION]... [FILE]

Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-' or omitted)

Options:

	-c	Write to standard output
	-f	Force



=item B<busybox   >

busybox    



Hello world!




=item B<bzcat     >

bzcat      FILE

Uncompress to stdout



=item B<bzip2     >

bzip2      [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Compress FILE(s) with bzip2 algorithm.
When FILE is '-' or unspecified, reads standard input. Implies B<-c>.

Options:

	-c	Write to standard output
	-d	Decompress
	-f	Force
	-1..-9	Compression level



=item B<cal       >

cal        [B<-jy>] [[month] year]

Display a calendar

Options:

	-j	Use julian dates
	-y	Display the entire year



=item B<cat       >

cat        [B<-u>] [FILE]...

Concatenate FILE(s) and print them to stdout

Options:

	-u	Use unbuffered i/o (ignored)

Example:

	$ cat /proc/uptime
	110716.72 17.67



=item B<catv      >

catv       [B<-etv>] [FILE]...

Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x

Options:

	-e	End each line with $
	-t	Show tabs as ^I
	-v	Don't use ^x or M-x escapes



=item B<chat      >

chat       EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND...]]]

Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout.
A script consists of one or more "expect-send" pairs of strings,
each pair is a pair of arguments. Example:
chat '' ATZ OK ATD123456 CONNECT '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~'



=item B<chattr    >

chattr     [B<-R>] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] [B<-v> version] files...

Change file attributes on an ext2 fs

Modifiers:

	-	Remove attributes
	+	Add attributes
	=	Set attributes
Attributes:

	A	Don't track atime
	a	Append mode only
	c	Enable compress
	D	Write dir contents synchronously
	d	Do not backup with dump
	i	Cannot be modified (immutable)
	j	Write all data to journal first
	s	Zero disk storage when deleted
	S	Write file contents synchronously
	t	Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
	u	Allow file to be undeleted
Options:

	-R	Recursively list subdirectories
	-v	Set the file's version/generation number



=item B<chcon     >

chcon      [OPTIONS] CONTEXT FILE...
	chcon [OPTIONS] [B<-u> USER] [B<-r> ROLE] [B<-l> RANGE] [B<-t> TYPE] FILE...
	chcon [OPTIONS] -B<-reference>=RFILE FILE...

Change the security context of each FILE to CONTEXT

	-v,--verbose		Verbose
	-c,--changes		Report changes made
	-h,--no-dereference	Affect symlinks instead of their targets
	-f,--silent,--quiet	Suppress most error messages
	--reference=RFILE	Use RFILE's group instead of using a CONTEXT value
	-u,--user=USER		Set user/role/type/range in the target
	-r,--role=ROLE		security context
	-t,--type=TYPE
	-l,--range=RANGE
	-R,--recursive		Recurse subdirectories	



=item B<chgrp     >

chgrp      [B<-RhLHPcvf>]... GROUP FILE...

Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP

Options:

	-R	Recurse directories
	-h	Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
	-L	Traverse all symlinks to directories
	-H	Traverse symlinks on command line only
	-P	Do not traverse symlinks (default)
	-c	List changed files
	-v	Verbose
	-f	Hide errors

Example:

	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
	$ chgrp root /tmp/foo
	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo



=item B<chmod     >

chmod      [B<-Rcvf>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the
symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst

Options:

	-R	Recurse directories
	-c	List changed files
	-v	List all files
	-f	Hide errors

Example:

	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
	$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
	$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo



=item B<chown     >

chown      [B<-RhLHPcvf>]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP]] FILE...

Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP

Options:

	-R	Recurse directories
	-h	Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
	-L	Traverse all symlinks to directories
	-H	Traverse symlinks on command line only
	-P	Do not traverse symlinks (default)
	-c	List changed files
	-v	List all files
	-f	Hide errors

Example:

	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
	$ chown root /tmp/foo
	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
	$ chown root.root /tmp/foo
	ls -l /tmp/foo
	-r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo



=item B<chpasswd  >

chpasswd   [-B<-md5>|-B<-encrypted>]

Read user:password information from stdin and update /etc/passwd accordingly.

Options:

	-e,--encrypted	Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
	-m,--md5	Use MD5 encryption instead of DES	



=item B<chpst     >

chpst      [B<-vP012>] [B<-u> USER[:GRP]] [B<-U> USER[:GRP]] [B<-e> DIR]
	[-/ DIR] [B<-n> NICE] [B<-m> BYTES] [B<-d> BYTES] [B<-o> N]
	[B<-p> N] [B<-f> BYTES] [B<-c> BYTES] PROG ARGS

Change the process state and run PROG

Options:

	-u USER[:GRP]	Set uid and gid
	-U USER[:GRP]	Set $UID and $GID in environment
	-e DIR		Set environment variables as specified by files
			in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file
	-/ DIR		Chroot to DIR
	-n NICE		Add NICE to nice value
	-m BYTES	Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
	-d BYTES	Limit data segment
	-o N		Limit number of open files per process
	-p N		Limit number of processes per uid
	-f BYTES	Limit output file sizes
	-c BYTES	Limit core file size
	-v		Verbose
	-P		Create new process group
	-0		Close standard input
	-1		Close standard output
	-2		Close standard error



=item B<chroot    >

chroot     NEWROOT [COMMAND...]

Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT

Example:

	$ ls -l /bin/ls
	lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
	# mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
	# chroot /mnt
	# ls -l /bin/ls
	-rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*



=item B<chrt      >

chrt       [OPTION]... [prio] [pid | command [arg]...]

Manipulate real-time attributes of a process

Options:

	-p	Operate on pid
	-r	Set scheduling policy to SCHED_RR
	-f	Set scheduling policy to SCHED_FIFO
	-o	Set scheduling policy to SCHED_OTHER
	-m	Show min and max priorities

Example:

	$ chrt -r 4 sleep 900; x=$!
	$ chrt -f -p 3 $x
	You need CAP_SYS_NICE privileges to set scheduling attributes of a process



=item B<chvt      >

chvt       N

Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN



=item B<cksum     >

cksum      FILES...

Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILES



=item B<clear     >

clear             

Clear screen



=item B<cmp       >

cmp        [B<-l>] [B<-s>] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]

Compares FILE1 vs stdin if FILE2 is not specified

Options:

	-l	Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
		for all differing bytes
	-s	Quiet



=item B<comm      >

comm       [B<-123>] FILE1 FILE2

Compare FILE1 to FILE2, or to stdin if - is specified

Options:

	-1	Suppress lines unique to FILE1
	-2	Suppress lines unique to FILE2
	-3	Suppress lines common to both files



=item B<cp        >

cp         [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

Options:

	-a	Same as -dpR
	-c	Preserve security context
	-d,-P	Preserve links
	-H,-L	Dereference all symlinks (default)
	-p	Preserve file attributes if possible
	-f	Force overwrite
	-i	Prompt before overwrite
	-R,-r	Recurse directories
	-l,-s	Create (sym)links



=item B<cpio      >

cpio       -[dimotuv][F cpiofile][H newc]

Extract or list files from a cpio archive, or create a cpio archive
Main operation mode:

	d	Make leading directories
	i	Extract
	m	Preserve mtime
	o	Create
	H newc	Define format
	t	List
	v	Verbose
	u	Unconditional overwrite
	F	Input from file



=item B<crond     >

crond      B<-fbS> B<-l> N B<-d> N B<-L> LOGFILE B<-c> DIR

	-f	Foreground
	-b	Background (default)
	-S	Log to syslog (default)
	-l	Set log level. 0 is the most verbose, default 8
	-d	Set log level, log to stderr
	-L	Log to file
	-c	Working dir



=item B<crontab   >

crontab    [B<-c> DIR] [B<-u> USER] [B<-ler>]|[FILE]

	-c	Crontab directory
	-u	User
	-l	List crontab
	-e	Edit crontab
	-r	Delete crontab
	FILE	Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)



=item B<cryptpw   >

cryptpw    [B<-a> des|md5] [string]

Output crypted string.
If string isn't supplied on cmdline, read it from stdin.

Options:

	-a	Algorithm to use (default: md5)



=item B<cttyhack  >

cttyhack   #define cttyhack_full_usage 





=item B<cut       >

cut        [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Print selected fields from each input FILE to standard output

Options:

	-b LIST	Output only bytes from LIST
	-c LIST	Output only characters from LIST
	-d CHAR	Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
	-s	Output only the lines containing delimiter
	-f N	Print only these fields
	-n	Ignored

Example:

	$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
	Hello
	$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
	world



=item B<date      >

date       [OPTION]... [+FMT] [TIME]

Display time (using +FMT), or set time

Options:

	-u		Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
	-R		Output RFC-822 compliant date string
	-I[SPEC]	Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
			SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
			'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
			time to the indicated precision
	-d TIME		Display TIME, not 'now'
	-r FILE		Display last modification time of FILE
	[-s] TIME	Set time to TIME
	-D FMT		Use FMT for str->date conversion

Recognized formats for TIME:

	hh:mm[:ss]
	[YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
	YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
	MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss]

Example:

	$ date
	Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000



=item B<dc        >

dc         expression...

Tiny RPN calculator. Operations:
+, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor,
p - print top of the stack (without altering the stack),
f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and set output radix
(value must be 10 or 16).
Examples: 'dc 2 2 add' -> 4, 'dc 8 8 * 2 2 + /' -> 16.

Example:

	$ dc 2 2 + p
	4
	$ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + / p
	16
	$ dc 0 1 and p
	0
	$ dc 0 1 or p
	1
	$ echo 72 9 div 8 mul p | dc
	64



=item B<dd        >

dd         [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
	[seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]

Copy a file with converting and formatting

Options:

	if=FILE		Read from FILE instead of stdin
	of=FILE		Write to FILE instead of stdout
	bs=N		Read and write N bytes at a time
	ibs=N		Read N bytes at a time
	obs=N		Write N bytes at a time
	count=N		Copy only N input blocks
	skip=N		Skip N input blocks
	seek=N		Skip N output blocks
	conv=notrunc	Don't truncate output file
	conv=noerror	Continue after read errors
	conv=sync	Pad blocks with zeros
	conv=fsync	Physically write data out before finishing

Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024),
MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824)

Example:

	$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
	4+0 records in
	4+0 records out



=item B<deallocvt >

deallocvt  [N]

Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN



=item B<delgroup  >

delgroup   [USER] GROUP

Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP



=item B<deluser   >

deluser    USER

Delete USER from the system



=item B<depmod    >

depmod     #define depmod_full_usage 





=item B<devfsd    >

devfsd     mntpnt [B<-v>][B<-fg>][B<-np>]

Manage devfs permissions and old device name symlinks

Options:

	mntpnt	The mount point where devfs is mounted
	-v	Print the protocol version numbers for devfsd
		and the kernel-side protocol version and exit
	-fg	Run in foreground
	-np	Exit after parsing the configuration file
		and processing synthetic REGISTER events,
		do not poll for events



=item B<devmem    >

devmem     ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]

Read/write from physical address

	ADDRESS	Address to act upon
	WIDTH	Width (8/16/...)
	VALUE	Data to be written



=item B<df        >

df         [B<-Pkmhai>] [B<-B> SIZE] [FILESYSTEM...]

Print filesystem usage statistics

Options:

	-P	POSIX output format
	-k	1024-byte blocks (default)
	-m	1M-byte blocks
	-h	Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
	-a	Show all filesystems
	-i	Inodes
	-B SIZE	Blocksize

Example:

	$ df
	Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
	/dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
	/dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
	$ df /dev/sda3
	Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
	/dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
	$ POSIXLY_CORRECT=sure df /dev/sda3
	Filesystem         512B-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
	/dev/sda3             17381728  17107080    274648  98% /
	$ POSIXLY_CORRECT=yep df -P /dev/sda3
	Filesystem          512-blocks      Used Available Capacity Mounted on
	/dev/sda3             17381728  17107080    274648      98% /



=item B<dhcprelay >

dhcprelay  [client1,client2,...] [server_device]

Relay dhcp requests from client devices to server device.
Pass clients as CSV



=item B<diff      >

diff       [B<-abdiNqrTstw>] [B<-L> LABEL] [B<-S> FILE] [B<-U> LINES] FILE1 FILE2

Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
This implementation supports unified diffs only.

Options:

	-a	Treat all files as text
	-b	Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
	-d	Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
	-i	Ignore case differences
	-L	Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
	-N	Treat absent files as empty
	-q	Output only whether files differ
	-r	Recursively compare subdirectories
	-S	Start with FILE when comparing directories
	-T	Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
	-s	Report when two files are the same
	-t	Expand tabs to spaces in output
	-U	Output LINES lines of context
	-w	Ignore all whitespace



=item B<dirname   >

dirname    FILENAME

Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME

Example:

	$ dirname /tmp/foo
	/tmp
	$ dirname /tmp/foo/
	/tmp



=item B<dmesg     >

dmesg      [B<-c>] [B<-n> LEVEL] [B<-s> SIZE]

Print or control the kernel ring buffer

Options:

	-c		Clear ring buffer after printing
	-n LEVEL	Set console logging level
	-s SIZE		Buffer size



=item B<dnsd      >

dnsd       [B<-c> config] [B<-t> seconds] [B<-p> port] [B<-i> iface-ip] [B<-d>]

Small static DNS server daemon

Options:

	-c	Config filename
	-t	TTL in seconds
	-p	Listening port
	-i	Listening ip (default all)
	-d	Daemonize



=item B<dos2unix  >

dos2unix   [option] [FILE]

Convert FILE from dos to unix format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.

Options:

	-u	dos2unix
	-d	unix2dos



=item B<dpkg      >

dpkg       [B<-ilCPru>] [B<-F> option] package_name

Install, remove and manage Debian packages

Options:

	-i		Install the package
	-l		List of installed packages
	-C		Configure an unpackaged package
	-F depends	Ignore dependency problems
	-P		Purge all files of a package
	-r		Remove all but the configuration files for a package
	-u		Unpack a package, but don't configure it



=item B<dpkg-deb  >

dpkg-deb   [B<-cefxX>] FILE [argument]

Perform actions on Debian packages (.debs)

Options:

	-c	List contents of filesystem tree
	-e	Extract control files to [argument] directory
	-f	Display control field name starting with [argument]
	-x	Extract packages filesystem tree to directory
	-X	Verbose extract

Example:

	$ dpkg-deb -X ./busybox_0.48-1_i386.deb /tmp



=item B<du        >

du         [B<-aHLdclsxhmk>] [FILE]...

Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory.
Disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes.

Options:

	-a	Show file sizes too
	-H	Follow symlinks on command line
	-L	Follow all symlinks
	-d N	Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
	-c	Show grand total
	-l	Count sizes many times if hard linked
	-s	Display only a total for each argument
	-x	Skip directories on different filesystems
	-h	Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
	-m	Sizes in megabytes
	-k	Sizes in kilobytes (default)

Example:

	$ du
	16      ./CVS
	12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
	80      ./kernel-patches
	12      ./tests/CVS
	36      ./tests
	12      ./scripts/CVS
	16      ./scripts
	12      ./docs/CVS
	104     ./docs
	2417    .



=item B<dumpkmap  >

dumpkmap   > keymap

Print a binary keyboard translation table to standard output

Example:

	$ dumpkmap > keymap



=item B<dumpleases>

dumpleases [B<-r>|B<-a>] [B<-f> LEASEFILE]

Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd

Options:

	-f,--file=FILE	Leases file to load
	-r,--remaining	Interpret lease times as time remaining
	-a,--absolute	Interpret lease times as expire time	



=item B<e2fsck    >

e2fsck     [B<-panyrcdfvstDFSV>] [B<-b> superblock] [B<-B> blocksize] [B<-I> inode_buffer_blocks] [B<-P> process_inode_size] [B<-l>|B<-L> bad_blocks_file] [B<-C> fd] [B<-j> external_journal] [B<-E> extended-options] device

Check ext2/ext3 file system

Options:

	-p		Automatic repair (no questions)
	-n		Make no changes to the filesystem
	-y		Assume 'yes' to all questions
	-c		Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
	-f		Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
	-v		Verbose
	-b superblock	Use alternative superblock
	-B blocksize	Force blocksize when looking for superblock
	-j journal	Set location of the external journal
	-l file		Add to badblocks list
	-L file		Set badblocks list



=item B<echo      >

echo       [B<-neE>] [ARG...]

Print the specified ARGs to stdout

Options:

	-n	Suppress trailing newline
	-e	Interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e., \t=tab)
	-E	Disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters

Example:

	$ echo "Erik is cool"
	Erik is cool
	$ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
	Erik
	is
	cool
	$ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
	Erik\nis\ncool



=item B<ed        >

ed         #define ed_full_usage 





=item B<egrep     >

egrep      #define egrep_full_usage 





=item B<eject     >

eject      [B<-t>] [B<-T>] [DEVICE]

Eject specified DEVICE (or default /dev/cdrom)

Options:

	-s	SCSI device
	-t	Close tray
	-T	Open/close tray (toggle)



=item B<env       >

env        [B<-iu>] [-] [name=value]... [command]

Print the current environment or run a program after setting
up the specified environment

Options:

	-, -i	Start with an empty environment
	-u	Remove variable from the environment



=item B<envdir    >

envdir     dir prog args

Set various environment variables as specified by files
in the directory dir and run PROG



=item B<envuidgid >

envuidgid  account prog args

Set $UID to account's uid and $GID to account's gid and run PROG



=item B<ether-wake>

ether-wake [B<-b>] [B<-i> iface] [B<-p> aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]] MAC

Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines.
MAC must be a station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or
a hostname with a known 'ethers' entry.

Options:

	-b		Send wake-up packet to the broadcast address
	-i iface	Interface to use (default eth0)
	-p pass		Append four or six byte password PW to the packet



=item B<expand    >

expand     [B<-i>] [B<-t> NUM] [FILE|-]

Convert tabs to spaces, writing to standard output.

Options:

	-i,--initial	Do not convert tabs after non blanks
	-t,--tabs=N	Tabstops every N chars	



=item B<expr      >

expr       EXPRESSION

Print the value of EXPRESSION to standard output.

EXPRESSION may be:

	ARG1 | ARG2	ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
	ARG1 & ARG2	ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
	ARG1 < ARG2	1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
	ARG1 <= ARG2
	ARG1 = ARG2
	ARG1 != ARG2
	ARG1 >= ARG2
	ARG1 > ARG2
	ARG1 + ARG2	Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
	ARG1 - ARG2
	ARG1 * ARG2
	ARG1 / ARG2
	ARG1 % ARG2
	STRING : REGEXP		Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
	match STRING REGEXP	Same as STRING : REGEXP
	substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
	index STRING CHARS	Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
	length STRING		Length of STRING
	quote TOKEN		Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
				it is a keyword like 'match' or an
				operator like '/'
	(EXPRESSION)		Value of EXPRESSION

Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.



=item B<fakeidentd>

fakeidentd [B<-fiw>] [B<-b> ADDR] [STRING]

Provide fake ident (auth) service

Options:

	-f	Run in foreground
	-i	Inetd mode
	-w	Inetd 'wait' mode
	-b ADDR	Bind to specified address
	STRING	Ident answer string (default is 'nobody')



=item B<false     >

false             

Return an exit code of FALSE (1)

Example:

	$ false
	$ echo $?
	1



=item B<fbset     >

fbset      [options] [mode]

Show and modify frame buffer settings

Example:

	$ fbset
	mode "1024x768-76"
		# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
		geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
		timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
		accel false
		rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
	endmode



=item B<fbsplash  >

fbsplash   B<-s> IMGFILE [B<-c>] [B<-d> DEV] [B<-i> INIFILE] [B<-f> CMD]

Options:

	-s	Image
	-c	Hide cursor
	-d	Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
	-i	Config file (var=value):
			BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
			BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
	-f	Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
			commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'



=item B<fdflush   >

fdflush    DEVICE

Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change



=item B<fdformat  >

fdformat   [B<-n>] DEVICE

Format floppy disk

Options:

	-n	Don't verify after format



=item B<fdisk     >

fdisk      [B<-uls>] [B<-C> CYLINDERS] [B<-H> HEADS] [B<-S> SECTORS] [B<-b> SSZ] DISK

Change partition table

Options:

	-u		Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
	-l		Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
	-s		Show partition sizes in kb for each DISK, then exit
	-b 2048		(for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
	-C CYLINDERS	Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
	-H HEADS

	-S SECTORS



=item B<fgrep     >

fgrep      #define fgrep_full_usage 





=item B<find      >

find       [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]

Search for files. The default PATH is the current directory,
default EXPRESSION is 'B<-print>'

EXPRESSION may consist of:

	-follow		Dereference symlinks
	-xdev		Don't descend directories on other filesystems
	-maxdepth N	Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
			tests/actions to command line arguments only
	-name PATTERN	File name (w/o directory name) matches PATTERN
	-iname PATTERN	Case insensitive -name
	-path PATTERN	Path matches PATTERN
	-regex PATTERN	Path matches regex PATTERN
	-type X		File type is X (X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
	-perm NNN	Permissions match any of (+NNN), all of (-NNN),
			or exactly (NNN)
	-mtime DAYS	Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
			or exactly (N) days
	-mmin MINS	Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
			or exactly (N) minutes
	-newer FILE	Modified time is more recent than FILE's
	-inum N		File has inode number N
	-user NAME	File is owned by user NAME (numeric user ID allowed)
	-group NAME	File belongs to group NAME (numeric group ID allowed)
	-depth		Process directory name after traversing it
	-size N[bck]	File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)).
			+/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
	-print		Print (default and assumed)
	-print0		Delimit output with null characters rather than
			newlines	USE_FEATURE_FIND_CONTEXT ( 
	-context	File has specified security context") 	 
	-exec CMD ARG ;	Execute CMD with all instances of {} replaced by the
			matching files
	-prune		Stop traversing current subtree
	-delete		Delete files, turns on -depth option
	(EXPR)		Group an expression

Example:

	$ find / -name passwd
	/etc/passwd



=item B<findfs    >

findfs     LABEL=label or UUID=uuid

Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID.

Example:

	$ findfs LABEL=MyDevice



=item B<fold      >

fold       [B<-bs>] [B<-w> WIDTH] [FILE]

Wrap input lines in each FILE (standard input by default), writing to
standard output

Options:

	-b	Count bytes rather than columns
	-s	Break at spaces
	-w	Use WIDTH columns instead of 80



=item B<free      >

free              

Display the amount of free and used system memory

Example:

	$ free
	              total         used         free       shared      buffers
	  Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
	 Swap:       128516         8404       120112
	Total:       386144       257128       129016



=item B<freeramdisk>

freeramdisk DEVICE

Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk

Example:

	$ freeramdisk /dev/ram2



=item B<fsck      >

fsck       [B<-ANPRTV>] [B<-C> fd] [B<-t> fstype] [fs-options] [filesys...]

Check and repair filesystems

Options:

	-A	Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
	-N	Don't execute, just show what would be done
	-P	With -A, check filesystems in parallel
	-R	With -A, skip the root filesystem
	-T	Don't show title on startup
	-V	Verbose
	-C n	Write status information to specified filedescriptor
	-t type	List of filesystem types to check



=item B<fsck.minix>

fsck.minix [B<-larvsmf>] /dev/name

Check MINIX filesystem

Options:

	-l	List all filenames
	-r	Perform interactive repairs
	-a	Perform automatic repairs
	-v	Verbose
	-s	Output superblock information
	-m	Show "mode not cleared" warnings
	-f	Force file system check



=item B<ftpget    >

ftpget     [options] remote-host local-file remote-file

Retrieve a remote file via FTP

Options:

	-c,--continue	Continue previous transfer
	-v,--verbose	Verbose
	-u,--username	Username
	-p,--password	Password
	-P,--port	Port number	



=item B<ftpput    >

ftpput     [options] remote-host remote-file local-file

Store a local file on a remote machine via FTP

Options:

	-v,--verbose	Verbose
	-u,--username	Username
	-p,--password	Password
	-P,--port	Port number	



=item B<fuser     >

fuser      [options] FILE or PORT/PROTO

Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs

Options:

	-m	Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
	-4	Search only IPv4 space
	-6	Search only IPv6 space
	-s	Silent: just exit with 0 if any processes are found
	-k	Kill found processes (otherwise display PIDs)
	-SIGNAL	Signal to send (default: TERM)



=item B<getenforce>

getenforce #define getenforce_full_usage 





=item B<getopt    >

getopt     [OPTIONS]...

Parse command options

	-a,--alternative		Allow long options starting with single -
	-l,--longoptions=longopts	Long options to be recognized
	-n,--name=progname		The name under which errors are reported
	-o,--options=optstring		Short options to be recognized
	-q,--quiet			Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
	-Q,--quiet-output		No normal output
	-s,--shell=shell		Set shell quoting conventions
	-T,--test			Test for getopt(1) version
	-u,--unquoted			Don't quote the output	

Example:

	$ cat getopt.test
	#!/bin/sh
	GETOPT=`getopt -o ab:c:: --long a-long,b-long:,c-long:: \
	       -n 'example.busybox' -- "$@"`
	if [ $? != 0 ]; then  exit 1; fi
	eval set -- "$GETOPT"
	while true; do
	 case $1 in
	   -a|--a-long) echo "Option a"; shift;;
	   -b|--b-long) echo "Option b, argument '$2'"; shift 2;;
	   -c|--c-long)
	     case "$2" in
	       "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2;;
	       *)  echo "Option c, argument '$2'"; shift 2;;
	     esac;;
	   --) shift; break;;
	   *) echo "Internal error!"; exit 1;;
	 esac
	done



=item B<getsebool >

getsebool  B<-a> or getsebool boolean...

	-a	Show all SELinux booleans



=item B<getty     >

getty      [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE TTY [TERMTYPE]

Open a tty, prompt for a login name, then invoke /bin/login

Options:

	-h		Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control
	-i		Do not display /etc/issue before running login
	-L		Local line, do not do carrier detect
	-m		Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
	-w		Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
	-n		Do not prompt the user for a login name
	-f issue_file	Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue
	-l login_app	Invoke login_app instead of /bin/login
	-t timeout	Terminate after timeout if no username is read
	-I initstring	Init string to send before anything else
	-H login_host	Log login_host into the utmp file as the hostname



=item B<grep      >

grep       [B<-HhrilLnqvsoweFEABC>] PATTERN [FILEs...]

Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input

Options:

	-H	Prefix output lines with filename where match was found
	-h	Suppress the prefixing filename on output
	-r	Recurse subdirectories
	-i	Ignore case distinctions
	-l	List names of files that match
	-L	List names of files that do not match
	-n	Print line number with output lines
	-q	Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
	-v	Select non-matching lines
	-s	Suppress file open/read error messages
	-c	Only print count of matching lines
	-o	Show only the part of a line that matches PATTERN
	-m MAX	Match up to MAX times per file
	-w	Match whole words only
	-F	PATTERN is a set of newline-separated strings
	-E	PATTERN is an extended regular expression
	-e PTRN	Pattern to match
	-f FILE	Read pattern from file
	-A	Print NUM lines of trailing context
	-B	Print NUM lines of leading context
	-C	Print NUM lines of output context

Example:

	$ grep root /etc/passwd
	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
	$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash



=item B<gunzip    >

gunzip     [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Uncompress FILEs (or standard input)

Options:

	-c	Write to standard output
	-f	Force
	-t	Test file integrity

Example:

	$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
	-rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
	$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
	$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
	-rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar



=item B<gzip      >

gzip       [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Compress FILEs (or standard input)

Options:

	-c	Write to standard output
	-d	Decompress
	-f	Force

Example:

	$ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
	-rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/busybox.tar
	$ gzip /tmp/busybox.tar
	$ ls -la /tmp/busybox*
	-rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/busybox.tar.gz



=item B<halt      >

halt       [B<-d> delay] [B<-n>] [B<-f>] [B<-w>]

Halt the system

Options:

	-d	Delay interval for halting
	-n	No call to sync()
	-f	Force halt (don't go through init)
	-w	Only write a wtmp record



=item B<hd        >

hd         FILE...

hd is an alias for hexdump B<-C>



=item B<hdparm    >

hdparm     [options] [device] ..

Options:

	-a	Get/set fs readahead
	-A	Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
	-b	Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
	-B	Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
	-c	Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
	-C	Check IDE power mode status
	-d	Get/set using_dma flag
	-D	Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
	-f	Flush buffer cache for device on exit
	-g	Display drive geometry
	-h	Display terse usage information
	-i	Display drive identification
	-I	Detailed/current information directly from drive
	-k	Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
	-K	Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
	-L	Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
	-m	Get/set multiple sector count
	-n	Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
	-p	Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
	-P	Set drive prefetch count/*   "
	-q	Change next setting quietly" - not supported ib bbox */ 
	-Q	Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
	-r	Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
	-R	Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
	-S	Set standby (spindown) timeout
	-t	Perform device read timings
	-T	Perform cache read timings
	-u	Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
	-U	Un-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
	-v	Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
	-V	Display program version and exit immediately
	-w	Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
	-W	Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
	-x	Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
	-X	Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
	-y	Put IDE drive in standby mode
	-Y	Put IDE drive to sleep
	-Z	Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
	-z	Re-read partition table



=item B<head      >

head       [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Options:

	-n NUM	Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
	-c NUM	Output the first NUM bytes
	-q	Never output headers giving file names
	-v	Always output headers giving file names

Example:

	$ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
	root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
	daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh



=item B<hexdump   >

hexdump    [B<-bcCdefnosvxR>] FILE...

Display file(s) or standard input in a user specified format

Options:

	-b		One-byte octal display
	-c		One-byte character display
	-C		Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
	-d		Two-byte decimal display
	-e FORMAT STRING
	-f FORMAT FILE
	-n LENGTH	Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input
	-o		Two-byte octal display
	-s OFFSET	Skip OFFSET bytes
	-v		Display all input data
	-x		Two-byte hexadecimal display
	-R		Reverse of 'hexdump -Cv'



=item B<hostid    >

hostid            

Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine



=item B<hostname  >

hostname   [OPTION] [hostname | B<-F> FILE]

Get or set hostname or DNS domain name

Options:

	-s	Short
	-i	Addresses for the hostname
	-d	DNS domain name
	-f	Fully qualified domain name
	-F FILE	Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname

Example:

	$ hostname
	sage



=item B<httpd     >

httpd      [B<-c> conffile] [B<-p> [ip:]port] [B<-i>] [B<-f>] [B<-v>[v]] [B<-u> user[:grp]] [B<-r> realm] [B<-m> pass] [B<-h> home] [B<-d>/B<-e> string]

Listen for incoming HTTP requests

Options:

	-c FILE		Configuration file (default httpd.conf)
	-p [IP:]PORT	Bind to ip:port (default *:80)
	-i		Inetd mode
	-f		Do not daemonize
	-v[v]		Verbose
	-u USER[:GRP]	Set uid/gid after binding to port
	-r REALM	Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
	-m PASS		Crypt PASS with md5 algorithm
	-h HOME		Home directory (default .)
	-e STRING	HTML encode STRING
	-d STRING	URL decode STRING



=item B<hush      >

hush       #define hush_full_usage 





=item B<hwclock   >

hwclock    	 [B<-r>|-B<-show>] [B<-s>|-B<-hctosys>] [B<-w>|-B<-systohc>] [B<-l>|-B<-localtime>] [B<-u>|-B<-utc>] [B<-f> FILE]	

Query and set hardware clock (RTC)

Options:

	-r	Show hardware clock time
	-s	Set system time from hardware clock
	-w	Set hardware clock to system time
	-u	Hardware clock is in UTC
	-l	Hardware clock is in local time
	-f FILE	Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)



=item B<id        >

id         [OPTIONS]... [USER]

Print information about USER or the current user

Options:

	-Z	Print the security context
	-u	Print user ID
	-g	Print group ID
	-G	Print supplementary group IDs
	-n	Print name instead of a number
	-r	Print real user ID instead of effective ID

Example:

	$ id
	uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)



=item B<ifconfig  >

ifconfig   [B<-a>] interface [address]

Configure a network interface

Options:

	[add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
	[del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
	[[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
	[netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
	[outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
	[hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
	[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
	[multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
	[mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
	[up|down] ...



=item B<ifdown    >

ifdown     [B<-ainmvf>] ifaces...

Options:

	-a	De/configure all interfaces automatically
	-i FILE	Use FILE for interface definitions
	-n	Print out what would happen, but don't do it
		(note: doesn't disable mappings)
	-m	Don't run any mappings
	-v	Print out what would happen before doing it
	-f	Force de/configuration



=item B<ifenslave >

ifenslave  [B<-cdf>] master-iface <slave-iface...>

Configure network interfaces for parallel routing

Options:

	-c, --change-active	Change active slave
	-d, --detach		Remove slave interface from bonding device
	-f, --force		Force, even if interface is not Ethernet/*   "
	-r, --receive-slave	Create a receive-only slave" */

Example:

	To create a bond device, simply follow these three steps :
	- ensure that the required drivers are properly loaded :
	  # modprobe bonding ; modprobe <3c59x|eepro100|pcnet32|tulip|...>
	- assign an IP address to the bond device :
	  # ifconfig bond0 <addr> netmask <mask> broadcast <bcast>
	- attach all the interfaces you need to the bond device :
	  # ifenslave bond0 eth0 eth1 eth2
	  If bond0 didn't have a MAC address, it will take eth0's. Then, all
	  interfaces attached AFTER this assignment will get the same MAC addr.
	
	  To detach a dead interface without setting the bond device down :
	   # ifenslave -d bond0 eth1
	
	  To set the bond device down and automatically release all the slaves :
	   # ifconfig bond0 down
	
	  To change active slave :
	   # ifenslave -c bond0 eth0



=item B<ifup      >

ifup       [B<-ainmvf>] ifaces...

Options:

	-a	De/configure all interfaces automatically
	-i FILE	Use FILE for interface definitions
	-n	Print out what would happen, but don't do it
		(note: doesn't disable mappings)
	-m	Don't run any mappings
	-v	Print out what would happen before doing it
	-f	Force de/configuration



=item B<inetd     >

inetd      [B<-fe>] [B<-q> N] [B<-R> N] [CONFFILE]

Listen for network connections and launch programs

Options:

	-f	Run in foreground
	-e	Log to stderr
	-q N    Socket listen queue (default: 128)
	-R N	Pause services after N connects/min
		(default: 0 - disabled)



=item B<init      >

init              

Init is the parent of all processes

This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.

BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of
the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
runlevels, use sysvinit.

BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found,
it has the following default behavior:

	::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
	::askfirst:/bin/sh
	::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
	::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a
	::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
	::restart:/sbin/init

if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also run:

	tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
	tty3::askfirst:/bin/sh
	tty4::askfirst:/bin/sh

If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as follows:

	<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>

	<id>:

		WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
		The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
		the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
		appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
		be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
		field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console. Also
		note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only
		entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null
		will be run. BusyBox init does nothing with utmp. We don't need no
		stinkin' utmp.

	<runlevels>:

		The runlevels field is completely ignored.

	<action>:

		Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
		once, restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown.

		The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
		that are run only once, and actions that are re-run when the specified
		process exits.

		Run only-once actions:

			'sysinit' is the first item run on boot. init waits until all
			sysinit actions are completed before continuing. Following the
			completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
			'wait' actions, like 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
			the specified task completes. 'once' actions are asynchronous,
			therefore, init does not wait for them to complete. 'restart' is
			the action taken to restart the init process. By default this should
			simply run /sbin/init, but can be a script which runs pivot_root or it
			can do all sorts of other interesting things. The 'ctrlaltdel' init
			actions are run when the system detects that someone on the system
			console has pressed the CTRL-ALT-DEL key combination. Typically one
			wants to run 'reboot' at this point to cause the system to reboot.
			Finally the 'shutdown' action specifies the actions to taken when
			init is told to reboot. Unmounting filesystems and disabling swap
			is a very good here.

		Run repeatedly actions:

			'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions. When a process
			started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
			it. Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
			respawning out of control. The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
			respawn, except that before running the specified process it
			displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
			and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
			specified process.

		Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
		error message, and then go along with its business. All actions are
		run in the order they appear in /etc/inittab.

	<process>:

		Specifies the process to be executed and its command line.

Example /etc/inittab file:

	# This is run first except when booting in single-user mode
	#
	::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
	
	# /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
	#
	# Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
	::askfirst:-/bin/sh
	# Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2-4
	tty2::askfirst:-/bin/sh
	tty3::askfirst:-/bin/sh
	tty4::askfirst:-/bin/sh
	
	# /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
	#
	tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
	tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
	
	
	# Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
	#
	#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
	#::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
	#
	# Example how to put a getty on a modem line
	#::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
	
	# Stuff to do when restarting the init process
	::restart:/sbin/init
	
	# Stuff to do before rebooting
	::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
	::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
	::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a




=item B<inotifyd  >

inotifyd   /user/space/agent dir/or/file/being/watched[:mask] ...

Spawn userspace agent on filesystem changes.
When a filesystem event matching the mask occurs
on specified file/directory an userspace agent is spawned
with the parameters:
1. actual event(s)
2. file/directory name
3. name of subfile (if any), in case of watching a directory

	a	File is accessed
	c	File is modified
	e	Metadata changed
	w	Writtable file is closed
	0	Unwrittable file is closed
	r	File is opened
	m	File is moved from X
	y	File is moved to Y
	n	Subfile is created
	d	Subfile is deleted
	D	Self is deleted
	M	Self is moved



=item B<insmod    >

insmod     [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...

Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel

Options:

	-f	Force module to load into the wrong kernel version
	-k	Make module autoclean-able
	-v	Verbose
	-q	Quiet
	-L	Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module
	-m	Output load map to stdout
	-o NAME	Set internal module name to NAME
	-x	Do not export externs



=item B<install   >

install    [B<-cdDsp>] [B<-o> USER] [B<-g> GRP] [B<-m> MODE] [source] dest|directory

Copy files and set attributes

Options:

	-c	Just copy (default)
	-d	Create directories
	-D	Create leading target directories
	-s	Strip symbol table
	-p	Preserve date
	-o USER	Set ownership
	-g GRP	Set group ownership
	-m MODE	Set permissions
	-Z	Set security context



=item B<ip        >

ip         [OPTIONS] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {COMMAND}

ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND}
where OBJECT := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule}
OPTIONS := { B<-f>[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | B<-o>[neline] }



=item B<ipaddr    >

ipaddr     { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush}
		[dev STRING] [to PREFIX] }

ipaddr {add|delete} IFADDR dev STRING
ipaddr {show|flush} [dev STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID]

	[to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
	IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
	[broadcast ADDR] [anycast ADDR]
	[label STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID]
	SCOPE-ID := [host | link | global | NUMBER]



=item B<ipcalc    >

ipcalc     [OPTION]... ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [NETMASK]

Calculate IP network settings from a IP address

Options:

	-b,--broadcast	Display calculated broadcast address
	-n,--network	Display calculated network address
	-m,--netmask	Display default netmask for IP
	-p,--prefix	Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
	-h,--hostname	Display first resolved host name
	-s,--silent	Don't ever display error messages	 	)



=item B<ipcrm     >

ipcrm      [B<-MQS> key] [B<-mqs> id]

Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value.
Lower-case options remove an object by shmid value.

Options:

	-mM	Remove memory segment after last detach
	-qQ	Remove message queue
	-sS	Remove semaphore



=item B<ipcs      >

ipcs       [[B<-smq>] B<-i> shmid] | [[B<-asmq>] [B<-tcplu>]]

	-i	Show specific resource
Resource specification:

	-m	Shared memory segments
	-q	Message queues
	-s	Semaphore arrays
	-a	All (default)
Output format:

	-t	Time
	-c	Creator
	-p	Pid
	-l	Limits
	-u	Summary



=item B<iplink    >

iplink     

iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } |

			dynamic { on | off } |
			mtu MTU }
iplink show [DEVICE]



=item B<iproute   >

iproute    { list | flush | { add | del | change | append |
		replace | monitor } ROUTE }

iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR
iproute get ADDRESS [from ADDRESS iif STRING]

			[oif STRING]  [tos TOS]
iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } ROUTE

			SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO]
			ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [tos TOS] [proto RTPROTO]
				[metric METRIC]



=item B<iprule    >

iprule     {[list | add | del] RULE}

iprule [list | add | del] SELECTOR ACTION

	SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK]
			[dev STRING] [pref NUMBER]
	ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDRESS]
			[prohibit | reject | unreachable]
			[realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
	TABLE_ID := [local | main | default | NUMBER]



=item B<iptunnel  >

iptunnel   { add | change | del | show } [NAME]
	[mode { ipip | gre | sit }]
	[remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]

iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME]

	[mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR]
	[[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum]
	[ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]



=item B<kbd_mode  >

kbd_mode   [B<-a>|k|s|u] [B<-C> TTY]

Report or set the keyboard mode

Options set mode:

	-a	Default (ASCII)
	-k	Medium-raw (keyboard)
	-s	Raw (scancode)
	-u	Unicode (utf-8)
	-C TTY	Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty



=item B<kill      >

kill       [B<-l>] [B<-SIG>] PID...

Send a signal (default is TERM) to given PIDs

Options:

	-l	List all signal names and numbers/*   "
	-s SIG	Yet another way of specifying SIG" */ 

Example:

	$ ps | grep apache
	252 root     root     S [apache]
	263 www-data www-data S [apache]
	264 www-data www-data S [apache]
	265 www-data www-data S [apache]
	266 www-data www-data S [apache]
	267 www-data www-data S [apache]
	$ kill 252



=item B<killall   >

killall    [B<-l>] [B<-q>] [B<-SIG>] process-name...

Send a signal (default is TERM) to given processes

Options:

	-l	List all signal names and numbers/*   "
	-s SIG	Yet another way of specifying SIG" */ 
	-q	Do not complain if no processes were killed

Example:

	$ killall apache



=item B<killall5  >

killall5   [B<-l>] [B<-SIG>]

Send a signal (default is TERM) to all processes outside current session

Options:

	-l	List all signal names and numbers/*   "
	-s SIG	Yet another way of specifying SIG" */ 



=item B<klogd     >

klogd      [B<-c> N] [B<-n>]

Kernel logger

Options:

	-c N	Only messages with level < N are printed to console
	-n	Run in foreground



=item B<lash      >

lash       [FILE]...
or: sh B<-c> command [args]...

lash is deprecated, please use hush



=item B<last      >

last       [B<-HW>] [B<-f> file]

Show listing of the last users that logged into the system

Options:/*   "

	-H	Show header line" */ 
	-W	Display with no host column truncation
	-f file Read from file instead of /var/log/wtmp



=item B<length    >

length     STRING

Print STRING's length

Example:

	$ length Hello
	5



=item B<less      >

less       [B<-EMNmh>~I?] [FILE...]

View a file or list of files. The position within files can be
changed, and files can be manipulated in various ways.

Options:

	-E	Quit once the end of a file is reached
	-M,-m	Display a status line containing the line numbers
		and percentage through the file
	-N	Prefix line numbers to each line
	-I	Ignore case in all searches
	-~	Suppress ~s displayed past the end of the file



=item B<linux32   >

linux32    #define linux32_full_usage 





=item B<linux64   >

linux64    #define linux64_full_usage 





=item B<linuxrc   >

linuxrc    #define linuxrc_full_usage 





=item B<ln        >

ln         [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY

Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET.
Use '--' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options.

Options:

	-s	Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
	-f	Remove existing destination files
	-n	Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
	-b	Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
	-S suf	Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files

Example:

	$ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
	$ ls -l /tmp/ls
	lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*



=item B<load_policy>

load_policy #define load_policy_full_usage 





=item B<loadfont  >

loadfont   < font

Load a console font from standard input/*   "

	-C TTY	Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty" */ 

Example:

	$ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname



=item B<loadkmap  >

loadkmap   < keymap

Load a binary keyboard translation table from standard input
/*   "

	-C TTY	Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty" */ 

Example:

	$ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap



=item B<logger    >

logger     [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]

Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is omitted, log stdin.

Options:

	-s	Log to stderr as well as the system log
	-t TAG	Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
	-p PRIO	Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)

Example:

	$ logger "hello"



=item B<login     >

login      [B<-p>] [B<-h> HOST] [[B<-f>] USER]

Begin a new session on the system

Options:

	-f	Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
	-h	Name of the remote host
	-p	Preserve environment



=item B<logname   >

logname           

Print the name of the current user

Example:

	$ logname
	root



=item B<logread   >

logread    [OPTION]...

Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer

Options:

	-f	Output data as log grows



=item B<losetup   >

losetup    [B<-o> OFS] LOOPDEV FILE - associate loop devices
	losetup B<-d> LOOPDEV - disassociate
	losetup [B<-f>] - show

Options:

	-o OFS	Start OFS bytes into FILE
	-f	Show first free loop device

No arguments will display all current associations.
One argument (losetup /dev/loop1) will display the current association
(if any), or disassociate it (with -d). The display shows the offset
and filename of the file the loop device is currently bound to.

Two arguments (losetup /dev/loop1 file.img) create a new association,
with an optional offset (-o 12345). Encryption is not yet supported.
losetup -f will show the first loop free loop device





=item B<lpd       >

lpd        SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS...]]

SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories
with names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are
sent directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue
directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print
is passed in $DATAFILE variable.
Example:

	tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print



=item B<lpq       >

lpq        [B<-P> queue[@host[:port]]] [B<-U> USERNAME] [B<-d> JOBID...] [B<-fs>]

Options:

	-P	lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
	-d	Delete jobs
	-f	Force any waiting job to be printed
	-s	Short display



=item B<lpr       >

lpr        B<-P> queue[@host[:port]] B<-U> USERNAME B<-J> TITLE B<-Vmh> [FILE...]

Options:

	-P	lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
	-m	Send mail on completion
	-h	Print banner page too
	-V	Verbose



=item B<ls        >

ls         [B<-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhkK>] [filenames...]

List directory contents

Options:

	-1	List in a single column
	-A	Don't list . and ..
	-a	Don't hide entries starting with .
	-C	List by columns
	-c	With -l: sort by ctime
	--color[={always,never,auto}]	Control coloring
	-d	List directory entries instead of contents
	-e	List full date and time
	-F	Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
	-i	List inode numbers
	-l	Long listing format
	-n	List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
	-p	Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
	-L	List entries pointed to by symlinks
	-R	List subdirectories recursively
	-r	Sort in reverse order
	-S	Sort by file size
	-s	List the size of each file, in blocks
	-T NUM	Assume tabstop every NUM columns
	-t	With -l: sort by modification time
	-u	With -l: sort by access time
	-v	Sort by version
	-w NUM	Assume the terminal is NUM columns wide
	-x	List by lines
	-X	Sort by extension
	-h	List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G)
	-k	List security context
	-K	List security context in long format
	-Z	List security context and permission



=item B<lsattr    >

lsattr     [B<-Radlv>] [files...]

List file attributes on an ext2 fs

Options:

	-R	Recursively list subdirectories
	-a	Do not hide entries starting with .
	-d	List directory entries instead of contents
	-l	List long flag names
	-v	List the file's version/generation number



=item B<lsmod     >

lsmod             

List the currently loaded kernel modules



=item B<lzmacat   >

lzmacat    FILE

Uncompress to stdout



=item B<makedevs  >

makedevs   [B<-d> device_table] rootdir

Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
Device table entries take the form of:
<type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc> <count>
Where name is the file name, type can be one of:

	f	Regular file
	d	Directory
	c	Character device
	b	Block device
	p	Fifo (named pipe)
uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the
target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to
to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank entries.

Example:

	For example:
	<name>    <type> <mode><uid><gid><major><minor><start><inc><count>
	/dev         d   755    0    0    -      -      -      -    -
	/dev/console c   666    0    0    5      1      -      -    -
	/dev/null    c   666    0    0    1      3      0      0    -
	/dev/zero    c   666    0    0    1      5      0      0    -
	/dev/hda     b   640    0    0    3      0      0      0    -
	/dev/hda     b   640    0    0    3      1      1      1    15
	
	Will Produce:
	/dev
	/dev/console
	/dev/null
	/dev/zero
	/dev/hda
	/dev/hda[0-15]



=item B<makemime  >

makemime   [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Create MIME-encoded message

Options:

	-C      Charset
	-e	Tranfer encoding. Ignored. base64 is assumed

Other options are silently ignored.



=item B<man       >

man        [OPTION]... [MANPAGE]...

Format and display manual page

Options:

	-a      Display all pages
	-w	Show page locations



=item B<matchpathcon>

matchpathcon [B<-n>] [B<-N>] [B<-f> file_contexts_file] [B<-p> prefix] [B<-V>]

	-n	Do not display path
	-N	Do not use translations
	-f	Use alternate file_context file
	-p	Use prefix to speed translations
	-V	Verify file context on disk matches defaults



=item B<md5sum    >

md5sum     [OPTION] [FILEs...]
   or: md5sum [OPTION] B<-c> [FILE]

Print or check MD5 checksums

Options:

	-c	Check MD5 sums against given list
	-s	Don't output anything, status code shows success
	-w	Warn about improperly formatted MD5 checksum lines

Example:

	$ md5sum < busybox
	6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003
	$ md5sum busybox
	6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
	$ md5sum -c -
	6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
	busybox: OK
	^D



=item B<mdev      >

mdev       [B<-s>]

	-s	Scan /sys and populate /dev during system boot

Called with no options (via hotplug) it uses environment variables
to determine which device to add/remove.

	 The mdev config file contains lines that look like:
  hd[a-z][0-9]* 0:3 660

That's device name (with regex match), uid:gid, and permissions.

Optionally, that can be followed (on the same line) by a special character
and a command line to run after creating/before deleting the corresponding
device(s). The environment variable $MDEV indicates the active device node
(which is useful if it's a regex match). For example:

  hdc root:cdrom 660  *ln -s $MDEV cdrom

The special characters are @ (run after creating), $ (run before deleting),
and * (run both after creating and before deleting). The commands run in
the /dev directory, and use system() which calls /bin/sh.

Config file parsing stops on the first matching line. If no config
entry is matched, devices are created with default 0:0 660. (Make
the last line match .* to override this.)





=item B<mesg      >

mesg       [y|n]

Control write access to your terminal

	y	Allow write access to your terminal
	n	Disallow write access to your terminal



=item B<microcom  >

microcom   [B<-d> DELAY] [B<-t> TIMEOUT] [B<-s> SPEED] [B<-X>] TTY

Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout

Options:

	-d	Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every
		next byte to it
	-t	Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
	-s	Set serial line to SPEED
	-X	Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin



=item B<mkdir     >

mkdir      [OPTION] DIRECTORY...

Create DIRECTORY

Options:

	-m	Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
	-p	No error if existing, make parent directories as needed
	-Z	Set security context

Example:

	$ mkdir /tmp/foo
	$ mkdir /tmp/foo
	/tmp/foo: File exists
	$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
	/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
	$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz



=item B<mke2fs    >

mke2fs     [B<-c>|B<-l> filename] [B<-b> block-size] [B<-f> fragment-size] [B<-g> blocks-per-group] [B<-i> bytes-per-inode] [B<-j>] [B<-J> journal-options] [B<-N> number-of-inodes] [B<-n>] [B<-m> reserved-blocks-percentage] [B<-o> creator-os] [B<-O> feature[,...]] [B<-q>] [r fs-revision-level] [B<-E> extended-options] [B<-v>] [B<-F>] [B<-L> volume-label] [B<-M> last-mounted-directory] [B<-S>] [B<-T> filesystem-type] device [blocks-count]

	-b size		Block size in bytes
	-c		Check for bad blocks before creating
	-E opts		Set extended options
	-f size		Fragment size in bytes
	-F		Force (ignore sanity checks)
	-g num		Number of blocks in a block group
	-i ratio	The bytes/inode ratio
	-j		Create a journal (ext3)
	-J opts		Set journal options (size/device)
	-l file		Read bad blocks list from file
	-L lbl		Set the volume label
	-m percent	Percent of fs blocks to reserve for admin
	-M dir		Set last mounted directory
	-n		Do not actually create anything
	-N num		Number of inodes to create
	-o os		Set the 'creator os' field
	-O features	Dir_index/filetype/has_journal/journal_dev/sparse_super
	-q		Quiet
	-r rev		Set filesystem revision
	-S		Write superblock and group descriptors only
	-T fs-type	Set usage type (news/largefile/largefile4)
	-v		Verbose



=item B<mkfifo    >

mkfifo     [OPTIONS] name

Create named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')

Options:

	-m MODE	Mode (default a=rw)
	-Z	Set security context



=item B<mkfs.minix>

mkfs.minix [B<-c> | B<-l> filename] [B<-nXX>] [B<-iXX>] /dev/name [blocks]

Make a MINIX filesystem

Options:

	-c		Check device for bad blocks
	-n [14|30]	Maximum length of filenames
	-i INODES	Number of inodes for the filesystem
	-l FILENAME	Read bad blocks list from FILENAME
	-v		Make version 2 filesystem



=item B<mknod     >

mknod      [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)

Options:

	-m	Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
TYPEs include:

	b:	Make a block device
	c or u:	Make a character device
	p:	Make a named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)
	-Z	Set security context

Example:

	$ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
	$ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p



=item B<mkswap    >

mkswap     DEVICE

Prepare block device to be used as swap partition



=item B<mktemp    >

mktemp     [B<-dt>] [B<-p> DIR] [TEMPLATE]

Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its name.
TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).

Options:

	-d	Make a directory instead of a file/*   "
	-q	Fail silently if an error occurs" - we ignore it */ 
	-t	Generate a path rooted in temporary directory
	-p DIR	Use DIR as a temporary directory (implies -t)

For B<-t> or B<-p>, directory is chosen as follows:
$TMPDIR if set, else B<-p> DIR, else /tmp

Example:

	$ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
	/tmp/temp.mWiLjM
	$ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
	-rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM



=item B<modprobe  >

modprobe   [B<-knqrsv>] MODULE [symbol=value...]

Options:

	-k	Make module autoclean-able
	-n	Dry run
	-q	Quiet
	-r	Remove module (stacks) or do autoclean
	-s	Report via syslog instead of stderr
	-v	Verbose
	-b	Apply blacklist to module names too

modprobe can (un)load a stack of modules, passing each module options (when
loading). modprobe uses a configuration file to determine what option(s) to
pass each module it loads.

The configuration file is searched (in order) amongst:

    /etc/modprobe.conf (2.6 only)
    /etc/modules.conf
    /etc/conf.modules (deprecated)

They all have the same syntax (see below). If none is present, it is
_not_ an error; each loaded module is then expected to load without
options. Once a file is found, the others are tested for.

/etc/modules.conf entry format:

  alias <alias_name> <mod_name>
    Makes it possible to modprobe alias_name, when there is no such module.
    It makes sense if your mod_name is long, or you want a more representative
    name for that module (eg. 'scsi' in place of 'aha7xxx').
    This makes it also possible to use a different set of options (below) for
    the module and the alias.
    A module can be aliased more than once.

  options <mod_name|alias_name> <symbol=value...>
    When loading module mod_name (or the module aliased by alias_name), pass
    the "symbol=value" pairs as option to that module.

Sample /etc/modules.conf file:

  options tulip irq=3
  alias tulip tulip2
  options tulip2 irq=4 io=0x308

Other functionality offered by 'classic' modprobe is not available in
this implementation.

If module options are present both in the config file, and on the command line,
then the options from the command line will be passed to the module _after_
the options from the config file. That way, you can have defaults in the config
file, and override them for a specific usage from the command line.


Example:

	(with the above /etc/modules.conf):
	
	$ modprobe tulip
	   will load the module 'tulip' with default option 'irq=3'
	
	$ modprobe tulip irq=5
	   will load the module 'tulip' with option 'irq=5', thus overriding the default
	
	$ modprobe tulip2
	   will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308',
	   which are the default for alias 'tulip2'
	
	$ modprobe tulip2 irq=8
	   will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308 irq=8',
	   which are the default for alias 'tulip2' overridden by the option 'irq=8'
	
	   from the command line
	
	$ modprobe tulip2 irq=2 io=0x210
	   will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308 irq=4 io=0x210',
	   which are the default for alias 'tulip2' overridden by the options 'irq=2 io=0x210'
	
	   from the command line



=item B<more      >

more       [FILE...]

View FILE or standard input one screenful at a time

Example:

	$ dmesg | more



=item B<mount     >

mount      [flags] DEVICE NODE [B<-o> options,more-options]

Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc be mounted.

Options:

	-a		Mount all filesystems in fstab
	-f		Update /etc/mtab, but don't mount
	-n		Don't update /etc/mtab
	-r		Read-only mount
	-t fs-type	Filesystem type
	-w		Read-write mount (default)
B<-o> option:

	loop		Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
	[a]sync		Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
	[no]atime	Disable / enable updates to inode access times
	[no]diratime	Disable / enable atime updates to directories
	[no]relatime	Disable / enable atime updates relative to modification time
	[no]dev		Allow use of special device files / disallow them
	[no]exec	Allow use of executable files / disallow them
	[no]suid	Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them
	[r]shared	Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
	[r]slave	Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
	[r]private	Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
	[un]bindable	Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
	bind		Bind a directory to an additional location
	move		Relocate an existing mount point
	remount		Remount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags
	ro/rw		Mount for read-only / read-write

There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem
You'll have to see the written documentation for those filesystems

Returns 0 for success, number of failed mounts for -a, or errno for one mount.

Example:

	$ mount
	/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
	proc on /proc type proc (rw)
	devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
	$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
	$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
	$ mount cd_image.iso mydir



=item B<mountpoint>

mountpoint [B<-q>] <[B<-d>] DIR | B<-x> DEVICE>

mountpoint checks if the directory is a mountpoint

Options:

	-q	Quiet
	-d	Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
	-x	Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice

Example:

	$ mountpoint /proc
	/proc is not a mountpoint
	$ mountpoint /sys
	/sys is a mountpoint



=item B<msh       >

msh        #define msh_full_usage 





=item B<mt        >

mt         [B<-f> device] opcode value

Control magnetic tape drive operation

Available Opcodes:

bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase
fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2
ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity
setpart tell unload unlock weof wset



=item B<mv        >

mv         [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
or: mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

Options:

	-f	Don't prompt before overwriting
	-i	Interactive, prompt before overwrite

Example:

	$ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar



=item B<nameif    >

nameif     [B<-s>] [B<-c> FILE] [{IFNAME MACADDR}]

Rename network interface while it in the down state

Options:

	-c FILE		Use configuration file (default is /etc/mactab)
	-s		Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility)
	IFNAME MACADDR	new_interface_name interface_mac_address

Example:

	$ nameif -s dmz0 00:A0:C9:8C:F6:3F
	 or
	$ nameif -c /etc/my_mactab_file



=item B<nc        >

nc         [B<-options>] hostname port  - connect
nc [B<-options>] B<-l> B<-p> port [hostname] [port]  - listen

Options:

	-e prog [args]	Program to exec after connect (must be last)
	-l		Listen mode, for inbound connects
	-n		Don't do DNS resolution
	-s addr		Local address
	-p port		Local port
	-u		UDP mode
	-v		Verbose (cumulative: -vv)
	-w secs		Timeout for connects and final net reads
	-i sec		Delay interval for lines sent" /* ", ports scanned" */ 
	-o file		Hex dump of traffic
	-z		Zero-I/O mode (scanning)/*   "
	-r		Randomize local and remote ports" */

	 To use netcat as a terminal emulator on a serial port:

$ stty 115200 -F /dev/ttyS0
$ stty raw -echo -ctlecho && nc -f /dev/ttyS0


Example:

	$ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
	220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
	help
	214-Commands supported:
	214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
	214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
	quit
	221 foobar closing connection



=item B<netstat   >

netstat    [B<-laentuwxrWp>]

Display networking information

Options:

	-l	Display listening server sockets
	-a	Display all sockets (default: connected)
	-e	Display other/more information
	-n	Don't resolve names
	-t	Tcp sockets
	-u	Udp sockets
	-w	Raw sockets
	-x	Unix sockets
	-r	Display routing table
	-W	Display with no column truncation
	-p	Display PID/Program name for sockets



=item B<nice      >

nice       [B<-n> ADJUST] [COMMAND [ARG]...]

Run a program with modified scheduling priority

Options:

	-n ADJUST	Adjust the scheduling priority by ADJUST



=item B<nmeter    >

nmeter     format_string

Monitor system in real time

Format specifiers:
%Nc or %[cN]	Monitor CPU. N - bar size, default 10

		(displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
%[niface]	Monitor network interface 'iface'
%m		Monitor allocated memory
%[mf]		Monitor free memory
%[mt]		Monitor total memory
%s		Monitor allocated swap
%f		Monitor number of used file descriptors
%Ni		Monitor total/specific IRQ rate
%x		Monitor context switch rate
%p		Monitor forks
%[pn]		Monitor # of processes
%b		Monitor block io
%Nt		Show time (with N decimal points)
%Nd		Milliseconds between updates (default=1000)
%r		Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOL

Example:

	nmeter '%250d%t %20c int %i bio %b mem %m forks%p'



=item B<nohup     >

nohup      COMMAND [ARGS]

Run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty

Example:

	$ nohup make &



=item B<nslookup  >

nslookup   [HOST] [SERVER]

Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
optionally using a specified DNS server

Example:

	$ nslookup localhost
	Server:     default
	Address:    default
	
	Name:       debian
	Address:    127.0.0.1



=item B<od        >

od         [B<-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx>] [B<-t> TYPE] [FILE]

Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE
to standard output. With no FILE or when FILE is -, read standard input.



=item B<openvt    >

openvt     [B<-c> NUM] [B<-sw>] [COMMAND [ARGS]]

Start COMMAND on a new virtual terminal

Options:

	-c	Use specified VT
	-s	Switch to the VT/*   "
	-l	Run COMMAND as login shell (by prepending '-')" */ 
	-w	Wait for COMMAND to exit

Example:

	openvt 2 /bin/ash



=item B<parse     >

parse      [B<-n> maxtokens] [B<-m> mintokens] [B<-d> delims] [B<-f> flags] file ...

[B<-n> maxtokens] [B<-m> mintokens] [B<-d> delims] [B<-f> flags] file ...



=item B<passwd    >

passwd     [OPTION] [name]

Change user's password. If no name is specified,
changes the password for the current user.

Options:

	-a	Algorithm to use for password (choices: des, md5)" /* ", sha1)" */ 
	-d	Delete password for the account
	-l	Lock (disable) account
	-u	Unlock (re-enable) account



=item B<patch     >

patch      [B<-p> NUM] [B<-i> DIFF] [B<-R>]

	-p NUM	Strip NUM leading components from file names
	-i DIFF	Read DIFF instead of stdin
	-R	Reverse patch

Example:

	$ patch -p1 < example.diff
	$ patch -p0 -i example.diff



=item B<pgrep     >

pgrep      [B<-flnovx>] pattern

Display process(es) selected by regex pattern

Options:

	-l	Show command name too
	-f	Match against entire command line
	-n	Show the newest process only
	-o	Show the oldest process only
	-v	Negate the matching
	-x	Match whole name (not substring)



=item B<pidof     >

pidof      [NAME...]

List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs	USAGE_PIDOF 	 

	-s	Show only one PID
	-o PID	Omit given pid
		Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent

Example:

	$ pidof init
	1
	$ pidof /bin/sh
	20351 5973 5950
	$ pidof /bin/sh -o %PPID
	20351 5950



=item B<ping      >

ping       [OPTION]... host

Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts

Options:

	-4, -6		Force IPv4 or IPv6 hostname resolution
	-c CNT		Send only CNT pings
	-s SIZE		Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
	-I iface/IP	Use interface or IP address as source
	-W timeout	Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10)
			(after all -c CNT packets are sent)
	-w deadline	Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
			(can exit earlier with -c CNT)
	-q		Quiet, only displays output at start
			and when finished

Example:

	$ ping localhost
	PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
	64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
	
	--- debian ping statistics ---
	1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
	round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms



=item B<ping6     >

ping6      [OPTION]... host

Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts

Options:

	-c CNT		Send only CNT pings
	-s SIZE		Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
	-I iface/IP	Use interface or IP address as source
	-q		Quiet, only displays output at start
			and when finished

Example:

	$ ping6 ip6-localhost
	PING ip6-localhost (::1): 56 data bytes
	64 bytes from ::1: icmp6_seq=0 ttl=64 time=20.1 ms
	
	--- ip6-localhost ping statistics ---
	1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
	round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms



=item B<pipe_progress>

pipe_progress #define pipe_progress_full_usage 





=item B<pivot_root>

pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD

Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT
the new root file system



=item B<pkill     >

pkill      [B<-l>] | [B<-fnovx>] [B<-signal>] pattern

Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex pattern

Options:

	-l	List all signals
	-f	Match against entire command line
	-n	Signal the newest process only
	-o	Signal the oldest process only
	-v	Negate the matching
	-x	Match whole name (not substring)



=item B<popmaildir>

popmaildir [OPTIONS] Maildir [connection-helper ...]

Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir

Options:

	-b		Binary mode. Ignored
	-d		Debug. Ignored
	-m		Show used memory. Ignored
	-V		Show version. Ignored
	-c		Use tcpclient. Ignored
	-a		Use APOP protocol. Implied. If server supports APOP -> use it
	-s		Skip authorization
	-T		Get messages with TOP instead with RETR
	-k		Keep retrieved messages on the server
	-t timeout	Set network timeout
	-F "program arg1 arg2 ..."	Filter by program. May be multiple
	-M "program arg1 arg2 ..."	Deliver by program
	-R size		Remove old messages on the server >= size (in bytes). Ignored
	-Z N1-N2	Remove messages from N1 to N2 (dangerous). Ignored
	-L size		Do not retrieve new messages >= size (in bytes). Ignored
	-H lines	Type specified number of lines of a message. Ignored

Example:

	$ popmaildir -k ~/Maildir -- nc pop.drvv.ru 110 [<password_file]
	$ popmaildir ~/Maildir -- openssl s_client -quiet -connect pop.gmail.com:995 [<password_file]



=item B<poweroff  >

poweroff   [B<-d> delay] [B<-n>] [B<-f>]

Halt and shut off power

Options:

	-d	Delay interval for halting
	-n	No call to sync()
	-f	Force power off (don't go through init)



=item B<printenv  >

printenv   [VARIABLES...]

Print all or part of environment.
If no environment VARIABLE specified, print them all.



=item B<printf    >

printf     FORMAT [ARGUMENT...]

Format and print ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT,
where FORMAT controls the output exactly as in C printf

Example:

	$ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
	Val=5



=item B<ps        >

ps                

Report process status

	USAGE_PS 	 
	-Z	Show SE Linux context
	w	Wide output

Example:

	$ ps
	  PID  Uid      Gid State Command
	    1 root     root     S init
	    2 root     root     S [kflushd]
	    3 root     root     S [kupdate]
	    4 root     root     S [kpiod]
	    5 root     root     S [kswapd]
	  742 andersen andersen S [bash]
	  743 andersen andersen S -bash
	  745 root     root     S [getty]
	 2990 andersen andersen R ps



=item B<pscan     >

pscan      [B<-cb>] [B<-p> MIN_PORT] [B<-P> MAX_PORT] [B<-t> TIMEOUT] [B<-T> MIN_RTT] HOST

Scan a host, print all open ports

Options:

	-c	Show closed ports too
	-b	Show blocked ports too
	-p	Scan from this port (default 1)
	-P	Scan up to this port (default 1024)
	-t	Timeout (default 5000 ms)
	-T	Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)



=item B<pwd       >

pwd               

Print the full filename of the current working directory

Example:

	$ pwd
	/root



=item B<raidautorun>

raidautorun DEVICE

Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays

Example:

	$ raidautorun /dev/md0



=item B<rdate     >

rdate      [B<-sp>] HOST

Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST

Options:

	-s	Set the system date and time (default)
	-p	Print the date and time



=item B<rdev      >

rdev              

Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'

Example:

	$ rdev
	/dev/mtdblock9 /



=item B<readahead >

readahead  [FILE]...

Preload FILE(s) in RAM cache so that subsequent reads for thosefiles do not block on disk I/O



=item B<readlink  >

readlink   [B<-f>] FILE

Display the value of a symlink

Options:

	-f	Canonicalize by following all symlinks



=item B<readprofile>

readprofile [OPTIONS]...

Options:

	-m mapfile	(Default: /boot/System.map)
	-p profile	(Default: /proc/profile)
	-M mult		Set the profiling multiplier to mult
	-i		Print only info about the sampling step
	-v		Verbose
	-a		Print all symbols, even if count is 0
	-b		Print individual histogram-bin counts
	-s		Print individual counters within functions
	-r		Reset all the counters (root only)
	-n		Disable byte order auto-detection



=item B<realpath  >

realpath   pathname...

Return the absolute pathnames of given argument



=item B<reboot    >

reboot     [B<-d> delay] [B<-n>] [B<-f>]

Reboot the system

Options:

	-d	Delay interval for rebooting
	-n	No call to sync()
	-f	Force reboot (don't go through init)



=item B<reformime >

reformime  [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Parse MIME-encoded message

Options:

	-x prefix	Extract content of MIME sections to files
	-X prog [args]	Filter content of MIME sections through prog.
			Must be the last option

Other options are silently ignored.



=item B<renice    >

renice     {{B<-n> INCREMENT} | PRIORITY} [[B<-p> | B<-g> | B<-u>] ID...]

Change priority of running processes

Options:

	-n	Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster)
	-p	Process id(s) (default)
	-g	Process group id(s)
	-u	Process user name(s) and/or id(s)



=item B<reset     >

reset             

Reset the screen



=item B<resize    >

resize            

Resize the screen



=item B<restorecon>

restorecon [B<-iFnrRv>] [B<-e> excludedir]... [B<-o> filename] [B<-f> filename | pathname]

Reset security contexts of files in pathname

	-i		Ignore files that do not exist
	-f file		File with list of files to process. Use - for stdin
	-e directory	Directory to exclude
	-R,-r		Recurse directories
	-n		Don't change any file labels
	-o file		Save list of files with incorrect context
	-v		Verbose
	-vv		Show changed labels
	-F		Force reset of context to match file_context
			for customizable files, or the user section,
			if it has changed



=item B<rm        >

rm         [OPTION]... FILE...

Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). Use '--' to
indicate that all following arguments are non-options.

Options:

	-i	Always prompt before removing
	-f	Never prompt
	-r,-R	Remove directories recursively

Example:

	$ rm -rf /tmp/foo



=item B<rmdir     >

rmdir      [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

Remove the DIRECTORY, if it is empty.

Options:

	-p|--parents	Include parents
	-ignore-fail-on-non-empty     

Example:

	# rmdir /tmp/foo



=item B<rmmod     >

rmmod      [OPTION]... [MODULE]...

Unload the specified kernel modules from the kernel

Options:

	-w	Wait until the module is no longer used
	-f	Force unloading
	-a	Remove all unused modules (recursively)

Example:

	$ rmmod tulip



=item B<route     >

route      [{add|del|delete}]

Edit kernel routing tables

Options:

	-n	Don't resolve names
	-e	Display other/more information
	-A inet{6}	Select address family



=item B<rpm       >

rpm        B<-i> B<-q>[ildc]p package.rpm

Manipulate RPM packages

Options:

	-i	Install package
	-q	Query package
	-p	Query uninstalled package
	-i	Show information
	-l	List contents
	-d	List documents
	-c	List config files



=item B<rpm2cpio  >

rpm2cpio   package.rpm

Output a cpio archive of the rpm file



=item B<rtcwake   >

rtcwake    [B<-a> | B<-l> | B<-u>] [B<-d> DEV] [B<-m> MODE] [B<-s> SECS | B<-t> TIME]

Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time

	-a,--auto	 Read clock mode from adjtime
	-l,--local	 Clock is set to local time
	-u,--utc	 Clock is set to UTC time
	-d,--device=DEV	 Specify the RTC device
	-m,--mode=MODE	 Set the sleep state (default: standby)
	-s,--seconds=SEC Set the timeout in SEC seconds from now
	-t,--time=TIME	 Set the timeout to TIME seconds from epoch	



=item B<run-parts >

run-parts  [B<-t>] [B<-l>] [B<-a> ARG] [B<-u> MASK] DIRECTORY

Run a bunch of scripts in a directory

Options:

	-t	Print what would be run, but don't actually run anything
	-a ARG	Pass ARG as argument for every program
	-u MASK	Set the umask to MASK before running every program
	-l	Print names of all matching files even if they are not executable

Example:

	$ run-parts -a start /etc/init.d
	$ run-parts -a stop=now /etc/init.d
	
	Let's assume you have a script foo/dosomething:
	#!/bin/sh
	for i in $*; do eval $i; done; unset i
	case "$1" in
	start*) echo starting something;;
	stop*) set -x; shutdown -h $stop;;
	esac
	
	Running this yields:
	$run-parts -a stop=+4m foo/
	+ shutdown -h +4m



=item B<runcon    >

runcon     [B<-c>] [B<-u> USER] [B<-r> ROLE] [B<-t> TYPE] [B<-l> RANGE] COMMAND [args]
	runcon CONTEXT COMMAND [args]

Run a program in a different security context

	CONTEXT		Complete security context

	-c,--compute	Compute process transition context before modifying
	-t,--type=TYPE	Type (for same role as parent)
	-u,--user=USER	User identity
	-r,--role=ROLE	Role
	-l,--range=RNG	Levelrange	



=item B<runlevel  >

runlevel   [utmp]



Example:

	$ runlevel /var/run/utmp
	N 2



=item B<runsv     >

runsv      dir

Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service



=item B<runsvdir  >

runsvdir   [B<-P>] [B<-s> SCRIPT] dir

Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart it.

	-P		Put each runsv in a new session
	-s SCRIPT	Run SCRIPT <signo> after signal is processed



=item B<rx        >

rx         FILE

Receive a file using the xmodem protocol

Example:

	$ rx /tmp/foo



=item B<script    >

script     [B<-afq>] [B<-c> COMMAND] [OUTFILE]

Options:

	-a	Append output
	-c	Run COMMAND, not shell
	-f	Flush output after each write
	-q	Quiet



=item B<sed       >

sed        [B<-efinr>] pattern [files...]

Options:

	-e script	Add the script to the commands to be executed
	-f scriptfile	Add scriptfile contents to the
			commands to be executed
	-i		Edit files in-place
	-n		Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
	-r		Use extended regular expression syntax

If no B<-e> or B<-f> is given, the first non-option argument is taken as the sed
script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of input files; if no
input files are specified, then the standard input is read. Source files
will not be modified unless B<-i> option is given.

Example:

	$ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
	bar



=item B<selinuxenabled>

selinuxenabled #define selinuxenabled_full_usage 





=item B<sendmail  >

sendmail   [OPTIONS] [rcpt]...

Send an email

Options:

	-w timeout	Network timeout
	-H [user:pass@]server[:port] Server
	-S		Use openssl connection helper for secure servers
	-N type		Request delivery notification. Type is ignored
	-f sender	Sender
	-F fullname	Sender full name. Overrides $NAME
	-s subject	Subject
	-j charset	Assume charset for body and subject (" CONFIG_FEATURE_MIME_CHARSET  
	-a file		File to attach. May be multiple
	-H "prog args..." Use external connection helper. E.g. openssl for secure servers
	-S server[:port] Server     	) 	 
	-c rcpt		Cc: recipient. May be multiple
	-e rcpt		Errors-To: recipient



=item B<seq       >

seq        [first [increment]] last

Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INCREMENT.
FIRST, INCREMENT default to 1

Arguments:

	LAST
	FIRST LAST
	FIRST INCREMENT LAST



=item B<sestatus  >

sestatus   [B<-vb>]

	-v	Verbose
	-b	Display current state of booleans



=item B<setarch   >

setarch    personality program [args...]

Personality may be:

	linux32		Set 32bit uname emulation
	linux64		Set 64bit uname emulation



=item B<setconsole>

setconsole [B<-r>|-B<-reset>] [DEVICE]

Redirect system console output to DEVICE (default: /dev/tty)

Options:

	-r	Reset output to /dev/console



=item B<setenforce>

setenforce [Enforcing | Permissive | 1 | 0]





=item B<setfiles  >

setfiles   [B<-dnpqsvW>] [B<-e> dir]... [B<-o> file] [B<-r> alt_root_path] [B<-c> policyfile] spec_file pathname

Reset file contexts under pathname according to spec_file

	-c file	Check the validity of the contexts against the specified binary policy
	-d	Show which specification matched each file
	-l	Log changes in file labels to syslog
	-n	Don't change any file labels
	-q	Suppress warnings
	-r dir	Use an altenate root path
	-e dir	Exclude directory
	-F	Force reset of context to match file_context for customizable files
	-o file	Save list of files with incorrect context
	-s	Take a list of files from standard input (instead of command line)
	-v	Show changes in file labels, if type or role are changing
	-vv	Show changes in file labels, if type, role, or user are changing
	-W	Display warnings about entries that had no matching files



=item B<setfont   >

setfont    FONT [B<-m> MAPFILE] [B<-C> TTY]

Load a console font

Options:

	-m MAPFILE	Load console screen map
	-C TTY		Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty

Example:

	$ setfont -m koi8-r /etc/i18n/fontname



=item B<setkeycodes>

setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE...

Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.

SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal),
and KEYCODE is given in decimal

Example:

	$ setkeycodes e030 127



=item B<setlogcons>

setlogcons N

Redirect the kernel output to console N (0 for current)



=item B<setsebool >

setsebool  boolean value

Change boolean setting



=item B<setsid    >

setsid     PROG [ARG...]

Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc).
See setsid(2) for details.



=item B<setuidgid >

setuidgid  account prog args

Set uid and gid to account's uid and gid, removing all supplementary
groups and run PROG



=item B<sh        >

sh         #define sh_full_usage 





=item B<sha1sum   >

sha1sum    [OPTION] [FILEs...]
   or: sha1sum [OPTION] B<-c> [FILE]

Print or check SHA1 checksums.

Options:

	-c	Check SHA1 sums against given list
	-s	Don't output anything, status code shows success
	-w	Warn about improperly formatted SHA1 checksum lines



=item B<showkey   >

showkey    [B<-a> | B<-k> | B<-s>]

Show keys pressed

Options:

	-a	Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
	-k	Display interpreted keycodes (default)
	-s	Display raw scan-codes



=item B<slattach  >

slattach   [B<-cehmLF>] [B<-s> speed] [B<-p> protocol] DEVICEs

Attach network interface(s) to serial line(s)

Options:

	-p	Set protocol (slip, cslip, slip6, clisp6 or adaptive)
	-s	Set line speed
	-e	Exit after initializing device
	-h	Exit when the carrier is lost
	-c	Execute a command when the line is hung up
	-m	Do NOT initialize the line in raw 8 bits mode
	-L	Enable 3-wire operation
	-F	Disable RTS/CTS flow control



=item B<sleep     >

sleep      [N]...

	 	 Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays

Example:

	$ sleep 2
	[2 second delay results]
	$ sleep 1d 3h 22m 8s
	[98528 second delay results]



=item B<softlimit >

softlimit  [B<-a> BYTES] [B<-m> BYTES] [B<-d> BYTES] [B<-s> BYTES] [B<-l> BYTES]
	[B<-f> BYTES] [B<-c> BYTES] [B<-r> BYTES] [B<-o> N] [B<-p> N] [B<-t> N]
	PROG ARGS

Set soft resource limits, then run PROG

Options:

	-a BYTES	Limit total size of all segments
	-m BYTES	Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
	-d BYTES	Limit data segment
	-s BYTES	Limit stack segment
	-l BYTES	Limit locked memory size
	-o N		Limit number of open files per process
	-p N		Limit number of processes per uid
Options controlling file sizes:

	-f BYTES	Limit output file sizes
	-c BYTES	Limit core file size
Efficiency opts:

	-r BYTES	Limit resident set size
	-t N		Limit CPU time, process receives
			a SIGXCPU after N seconds



=item B<sort      >

sort       [B<-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt>] [B<-o> FILE] [B<-k> start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [B<-t> CHAR] [FILE]...

Sort lines of text

Options:

	-b	Ignore leading blanks
	-c	Check whether input is sorted
	-d	Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
	-f	Ignore case
	-g	General numerical sort
	-i	Ignore unprintable characters
	-k	Sort key
	-M	Sort month
	-n	Sort numbers
	-o	Output to file
	-k	Sort by key
	-t CHAR	Key separator
	-r	Reverse sort order
	-s	Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
	-u	Suppress duplicate lines
	-z	Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
	-mST	Ignored for GNU compatibility

Example:

	$ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
	a
	b
	c
	d
	e
	f
	$ echo -e "c 3\nb 2\nd 2" | $SORT -k 2,2n -k 1,1r
	d 2
	b 2
	c 3



=item B<split     >

split      [OPTION] [INPUT [PREFIX]]

Options:

	-b n[k|m]	Split by bytes
	-l n		Split by lines
	-a n		Use n letters as suffix

Example:

	$ split TODO foo
	$ cat TODO | split -a 2 -l 2 TODO_



=item B<start-stop-daemon>

start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [B<-S>|B<-K>] ... [-- arguments...]

Search for matching processes, and then
B<-K>: stop all matching processes.
B<-S>: start a process unless a matching process is found.

Process matching:

	-u,--user USERNAME|UID	Match only this user's processes
	-n,--name NAME		Match processes with NAME
				in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
	-x,--exec EXECUTABLE	Match processes with this command
				in /proc/PID/cmdline
	-p,--pidfile FILE	Match a process with PID from the file
	All specified conditions must match
B<-S> only:

	-x,--exec EXECUTABLE	Program to run
	-a,--startas NAME	Zeroth argument
	-b,--background		Background
	-N,--nicelevel N	Change nice level
	-c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]]	Change to user/group
	-m,--make-pidfile	Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
B<-K> only:

	-s,--signal SIG		Signal to send
	-t,--test		Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
Other:

	-o,--oknodo		Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
	-v,--verbose		Verbose
	-q,--quiet		Quiet
	-c USER[:[GRP]]	Change to user/group
	-m		Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
B<-K> only:

	-s SIG		Signal to send
	-t		Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
Other:

	-o		Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
	-v		Verbose
	-q		Quiet	) 



=item B<stat      >

stat       [OPTION] FILE...

Display file (default) or filesystem status

Options:

	-c fmt	Use the specified format
	-f	Display filesystem status
	-L	Dereference links
	-t	Display info in terse form
	-Z	Print security context

Valid format sequences for files:

 %a	Access rights in octal
 %A	Access rights in human readable form
 %b	Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
 %B	The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
 %d	Device number in decimal
 %D	Device number in hex
 %f	Raw mode in hex
 %F	File type
 %g	Group ID of owner
 %G	Group name of owner
 %h	Number of hard links
 %i	Inode number
 %n	File name
 %N	Quoted file name with dereference if symlink
 %o	I/O block size
 %s	Total size, in bytes
 %t	Major device type in hex
 %T	Minor device type in hex
 %u	User ID of owner
 %U	User name of owner
 %x	Time of last access
 %X	Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
 %y	Time of last modification
 %Y	Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
 %z	Time of last change
 %Z	Time of last change as seconds since Epoch

Valid format sequences for file systems:

 %a	Free blocks available to non-superuser
 %b	Total data blocks in file system
 %c	Total file nodes in file system
 %d	Free file nodes in file system
 %f	Free blocks in file system
 %C	Security context in SELinux
 %i	File System ID in hex
 %l	Maximum length of filenames
 %n	File name
 %s	Block size (for faster transfer)
 %S	Fundamental block size (for block counts)
 %t	Type in hex
 %T	Type in human readable form



=item B<strings   >

strings    [B<-afo>] [B<-n> length] [file...]

Display printable strings in a binary file

Options:

	-a	Scan whole file (default)
	-f	Precede strings with filenames
	-n N	At least N characters form a string (default 4)
	-o	Precede strings with decimal offsets



=item B<stty      >

stty       [B<-a>|g] [B<-F> DEVICE] [SETTING]...

Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline,
and deviations from stty sane

Options:

	-F DEVICE	Open device instead of stdin
	-a		Print all current settings in human-readable form
	-g		Print in stty-readable form
	[SETTING]	See manpage



=item B<su        >

su         [OPTION]... [-] [username]

Change user id or become root

Options:

	-p, -m	Preserve environment
	-c	Command to pass to 'sh -c'
	-s	Shell to use instead of default shell



=item B<sulogin   >

sulogin    [OPTION]... [tty-device]

Single user login

Options:

	-t	Timeout



=item B<sum       >

sum        [rs] [files...]

Checksum and count the blocks in a file

Options:

	-r	Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
	-s	Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)



=item B<sv        >

sv         [B<-v>] [B<-w> sec] command service...

Control services monitored by runsv supervisor.
Commands (only first character is enough):

status: query service status
up: if service isn't running, start it. If service stops, restart it
once: like 'up', but if service stops, don't restart it
down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits, start ./finish

	if it exists. After it stops, do not restart service
exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they exit,

	runsv exits too
pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1, 2, term, kill: send
STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2, TERM, KILL signal to service



=item B<svlogd    >

svlogd     [B<-ttv>] [B<-r> c] [B<-R> abc] [B<-l> len] [B<-b> buflen] dir...

Continuously read log data from standard input, optionally filter log messages, and write the data to one or more automatically rotated logs



=item B<swapoff   >

swapoff    [B<-a>] [DEVICE]

Stop swapping on DEVICE

Options:

	-a	Stop swapping on all swap devices



=item B<swapon    >

swapon     [B<-a>] [B<-p> pri] [DEVICE]

Start swapping on DEVICE

Options:

	-a	Start swapping on all swap devices
	-p pri	Set swap device priority



=item B<switch_root>

switch_root [B<-c> /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGUMENTS_TO_INIT]

Use from PID 1 under initramfs to free initramfs, chroot to NEW_ROOT,
and exec NEW_INIT

Options:

	-c	Redirect console to device on new root



=item B<sync      >

sync              

Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk



=item B<sysctl    >

sysctl     [OPTIONS]... [VALUE]...

Configure kernel parameters at runtime

Options:

	-n	Disable printing of key names
	-e	Don't warn about unknown keys
	-w	Change sysctl setting
	-p FILE	Load sysctl settings from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
	-a	Display all values
	-A	Display all values in table form

Example:

	sysctl [-n] [-e] variable...
	sysctl [-n] [-e] -w variable=value...
	sysctl [-n] [-e] -a
	sysctl [-n] [-e] -p file	(default /etc/sysctl.conf)
	sysctl [-n] [-e] -A



=item B<syslogd   >

syslogd    [OPTION]...

System logging utility.
Note that this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.

Options:

	-n		Run in foreground
	-O FILE		Log to given file (default=/var/log/messages)
	-l n		Set local log level
	-S		Smaller logging output
	-s SIZE		Max size (KB) before rotate (default=200KB, 0=off)
	-b NUM		Number of rotated logs to keep (default=1, max=99, 0=purge)
	-R HOST[:PORT]	Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
	-L		Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
	-D		Drop duplicates
	-C[size(KiB)]	Log to shared mem buffer (read it using logread)	/* NB: -Csize shouldn't have space (because size is optional) */

Example:

	$ syslogd -R masterlog:514
	$ syslogd -R 192.168.1.1:601



=item B<tac       >

tac        [FILE]...

Concatenate FILE(s) and print them in reverse



=item B<tail      >

tail       [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

Options:

	-c N[kbm]	Output the last N bytes
	-n N[kbm]	Print last N lines instead of last 10
	-f		Output data as the file grows
	-q		Never output headers giving file names
	-s SEC		Wait SEC seconds between reads with -f
	-v		Always output headers giving file names

If the first character of N (bytes or lines) is a '+', output begins with
the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last N items
in the file. N bytes may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (1024^2).

Example:

	$ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
	nameserver 10.0.0.1



=item B<tar       >

tar        -[czjaZxtvO] [B<-X> FILE] [B<-f> TARFILE] [B<-C> DIR] [FILE(s)]...

Create, extract, or list files from a tar file

Options:

	c	Create
	x	Extract
	t	List
Archive format selection:

	z	Filter the archive through gzip
	j	Filter the archive through bzip2
	a	Filter the archive through lzma
	Z	Filter the archive through compress
File selection:

	f	Name of TARFILE or "-" for stdin
	O	Extract to stdout
	exclude	File to exclude
	X	File with names to exclude
	C	Change to directory DIR before operation
	v	Verbose

Example:

	$ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
	$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local



=item B<taskset   >

taskset    [B<-p>] [mask] [pid | command [arg]...]

Set or get CPU affinity

Options:

	-p	Operate on an existing PID

Example:

	$ taskset 0x7 ./dgemm_test&
	$ taskset -p 0x1 $!
	pid 4790's current affinity mask: 7
	pid 4790's new affinity mask: 1
	$ taskset 0x7 /bin/sh -c './taskset -p 0x1 $$'
	pid 6671's current affinity mask: 1
	pid 6671's new affinity mask: 1
	$ taskset -p 1
	pid 1's current affinity mask: 3



=item B<tc        >

tc         	/*"[OPTIONS] "*/"OBJECT CMD [dev STRING]

OBJECT: {qdisc|class|filter}
CMD: {add|del|change|replace|show}

qdisc [ handle QHANDLE ] [ root | ingress | parent CLASSID ]

	/* "	[ estimator INTERVAL TIME_CONSTANT ]
" */ 	[ [ QDISC_KIND ] [ help | OPTIONS ] ]

	QDISC_KIND := { [p|b]fifo | tbf | prio | cbq | red | etc. }
qdisc show [ dev STRING ] [ingress]
class [ classid CLASSID ] [ root | parent CLASSID ]

	[ [ QDISC_KIND ] [ help | OPTIONS ] ]
class show [ dev STRING ] [ root | parent CLASSID ]
filter [ pref PRIO ] [ protocol PROTO ]

	/* "	[ estimator INTERVAL TIME_CONSTANT ]
" */ 	[ root | classid CLASSID ] [ handle FILTERID ]

	[ [ FILTER_TYPE ] [ help | OPTIONS ] ]
filter show [ dev STRING ] [ root | parent CLASSID ]



=item B<tcpsvd    >

tcpsvd     [B<-hEv>] [B<-c> n] [B<-C> n:msg] [B<-b> n] [B<-u> user] [B<-l> name] ip port prog...

Create TCP socket, bind it to ip:port and listen
for incoming connection. Run PROG for each connection.

ip		IP to listen on. '0' = all
port		Port to listen on
prog [arg]	Program to run
B<-l> name		Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
B<-u> user[:group]	Change to user/group after bind
B<-c> n		Handle up to n connections simultaneously
B<-b> n		Allow a backlog of approximately n TCP SYNs
B<-C> n[:msg]	Allow only up to n connections from the same IP

		New connections from this IP address are closed
		immediately. 'msg' is written to the peer before close
B<-h>		Look up peer's hostname
B<-E>		Do not set up environment variables
B<-v>		Verbose



=item B<tee       >

tee        [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output

Options:

	-a	Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
	-i	Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)

Example:

	$ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
	$ cat /tmp/foo
	Hello



=item B<telnet    >

telnet     HOST [PORT]

Connect to telnet server



=item B<telnetd   >

telnetd    [OPTION]

Handle incoming telnet connections

Options:

	-l LOGIN	Exec LOGIN on connect
	-f issue_file	Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue
	-K		Close connection as soon as login exits
			(normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
	-p PORT		Port to listen on
	-b ADDR		Address to bind to
	-F		Run in foreground
	-i		Run as inetd subservice



=item B<test      >

test       EXPRESSION ]

Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code
depending on logical value of EXPRESSION

Example:

	$ test 1 -eq 2
	$ echo $?
	1
	$ test 1 -eq 1
	$ echo $?
	0
	$ [ -d /etc ]
	$ echo $?
	0
	$ [ -d /junk ]
	$ echo $?
	1



=item B<tftp      >

tftp       [OPTION]... HOST [PORT]

Transfer a file from/to tftp server

Options:

	-l FILE	Local FILE
	-r FILE	Remote FILE
	-g	Get file
	-p	Put file
	-b SIZE	Transfer blocks of SIZE octets



=item B<tftpd     >

tftpd      [B<-cr>] [B<-u> USER] [DIR]

Transfer a file on tftp client's request.

tftpd should be used as an inetd service.
tftpd's line for inetd.conf:

	69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd /files/to/serve
It also can be ran from udpsvd:

	udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve

Options:

	-r	Prohibit upload
	-c	Allow file creation via upload
	-u	Access files as USER



=item B<time      >

time       [OPTION]... COMMAND [ARGS...]

Run the program COMMAND with arguments ARGS. When COMMAND finishes,
COMMAND's resource usage information is displayed.

Options:

	-v	Verbose



=item B<top       >

top        [B<-b>] [B<-nCOUNT>] [B<-dSECONDS>]

Provide a view of process activity in real time.
Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS
and show the status for however many processes will fit on the screen.



=item B<touch     >

touch      [B<-c>] FILE [FILE...]

Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]

Options:

	-c	Do not create any files

Example:

	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
	$ touch /tmp/foo
	$ ls -l /tmp/foo
	-rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo



=item B<tr        >

tr         [B<-cds>] STRING1 [STRING2]

Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from
standard input, writing to standard output

Options:

	-c	Take complement of STRING1
	-d	Delete input characters coded STRING1
	-s	Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

Example:

	$ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
	hello world



=item B<traceroute>

traceroute [B<-FIldnrv>] [B<-f> 1st_ttl] [B<-m> max_ttl] [B<-p> port#] [B<-q> nqueries]
	[B<-s> src_addr] [B<-t> tos] [B<-w> wait] [B<-g> gateway] [B<-i> iface]
	[B<-z> pausemsecs] HOST [data size]

Trace the route to HOST

Options:

	-F	Set the don't fragment bit
	-I	Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
	-l	Display the ttl value of the returned packet
	-d	Set SO_DEBUG options to socket
	-n	Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically
	-r	Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host
	-v	Verbose
	-m max_ttl	Max time-to-live (max number of hops)
	-p port#	Base UDP port number used in probes
			(default is 33434)
	-q nqueries	Number of probes per 'ttl' (default 3)
	-s src_addr	IP address to use as the source address
	-t tos		Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
	-w wait		Time in seconds to wait for a response
			(default 3 sec)
	-g		Loose source route gateway (8 max)



=item B<true      >

true              

Return an exit code of TRUE (0)

Example:

	$ true
	$ echo $?
	0



=item B<tty       >

tty               

Print file name of standard input's terminal

Options:

	-s	Print nothing, only return exit status

Example:

	$ tty
	/dev/tty2



=item B<ttysize   >

ttysize    [w] [h]

Print dimension(s) of standard input's terminal, on error return 80x25



=item B<tune2fs   >

tune2fs    [B<-c> max-mounts-count] [B<-e> errors-behavior] [B<-g> group] [B<-i> interval[d|m|w]] [B<-j>] [B<-J> journal-options] [B<-l>] [B<-s> sparse-flag] [B<-m> reserved-blocks-percent] [B<-o> [^]mount-options[,...]] [B<-r> reserved-blocks-count] [B<-u> user] [B<-C> mount-count] [B<-L> volume-label] [B<-M> last-mounted-dir] [B<-O> [^]feature[,...]] [B<-T> last-check-time] [B<-U> UUID] device

Adjust filesystem options on ext[23] filesystems



=item B<udhcpc    >

udhcpc     [B<-Cfbnqtvo>] [B<-c> CID] [B<-V> VCLS] [B<-H> HOSTNAME] [B<-i> INTERFACE]
	[B<-p> pidfile] [B<-r> IP] [B<-s> script] [B<-O> dhcp-option]... [B<-P> N]

	 	-V,--vendorclass=CLASSID	Vendor class identifier
	-i,--interface=INTERFACE	Interface to use (default eth0)
	-H,-h,--hostname=HOSTNAME	Client hostname
	-c,--clientid=CLIENTID	Client identifier
	-C,--clientid-none	Suppress default client identifier
	-p,--pidfile=file	Create pidfile
	-r,--request=IP		IP address to request
	-s,--script=file	Run file at DHCP events (default "CONFIG_UDHCPC_DEFAULT_SCRIPT 
	-t,--retries=N		Send up to N request packets
	-T,--timeout=N		Try to get a lease for N seconds (default 3)
	-A,--tryagain=N		Wait N seconds (default 20) after failure
	-O,--request-option=OPT	Request DHCP option OPT (cumulative)
	-o,--no-default-options	Do not request any options (unless -O is also given)
	-f,--foreground	Run in foreground
	-b,--background	Background if lease is not immediately obtained
	-S,--syslog	Log to syslog too
	-n,--now	Exit with failure if lease is not immediately obtained
	-q,--quit	Quit after obtaining lease
	-R,--release	Release IP on quit
	-P,--client-port N  Use port N instead of default 68
	-a,--arping	Use arping to validate offered address	) 	
	-t N		Send up to N request packets
	-T N		Try to get a lease for N seconds (default 3)
	-A N		Wait N seconds (default 20) after failure
	-O OPT		Request DHCP option OPT (cumulative)
	-o		Do not request any options (unless -O is also given)
	-f		Run in foreground
	-b		Background if lease is not immediately obtained
	-S		Log to syslog too
	-n		Exit with failure if lease is not immediately obtained
	-q		Quit after obtaining lease
	-R		Release IP on quit
	-P N		Use port N instead of default 68
	-a		Use arping to validate offered address	)



=item B<udhcpd    >

udhcpd     [B<-fS>] [B<-P> N] [configfile]

DHCP server

	-f	Run in foreground
	-S	Log to syslog too
	-P N	Use port N instead of default 67



=item B<udpsvd    >

udpsvd     [B<-hEv>] [B<-c> n] [B<-u> user] [B<-l> name] ip port prog

Create UDP socket, bind it to ip:port and wait
for incoming packets. Run PROG for each packet,
redirecting all further packets with same peer ip:port to it

ip		IP to listen on. '0' = all
port		Port to listen on
prog [arg]	Program to run
B<-l> name		Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
B<-u> user[:group]	Change to user/group after bind
B<-c> n		Handle up to n connections simultaneously
B<-h>		Look up peer's hostname
B<-E>		Do not set up environment variables
B<-v>		Verbose



=item B<umount    >

umount     [flags] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY

Unmount file systems

Options:

	-a	Unmount all file systems in /etc/mtab
	-n	Don't erase /etc/mtab entries
	-r	Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
	-l	Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
	-f	Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
	-d	Free loop device if it has been used

Example:

	$ umount /dev/hdc1



=item B<uname     >

uname      [B<-amnrspv>]

Print system information.

Options:

	-a	Print all
	-m	The machine (hardware) type
	-n	Hostname
	-r	OS release
	-s	OS name (default)
	-p	Processor type
	-v	OS version

Example:

	$ uname -a
	Linux debian 2.4.23 #2 Tue Dec 23 17:09:10 MST 2003 i686 GNU/Linux



=item B<uncompress>

uncompress [B<-c>] [B<-f>] [name...]

Uncompress .Z file[s]

Options:

	-c	Extract to stdout
	-f	Overwrite an existing file



=item B<unexpand  >

unexpand   [B<-f>][B<-a>][B<-t> NUM] [FILE|-]

Convert spaces to tabs, writing to standard output.

Options:

	-a,--all	Convert all blanks
	-f,--first-only	Convert only leading blanks
	-t,--tabs=N	Tabstops every N chars	



=item B<uniq      >

uniq       [B<-fscduw>]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

Discard duplicate lines

Options:

	-c	Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
	-d	Only print duplicate lines
	-u	Only print unique lines
	-f N	Skip first N fields
	-s N	Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
	-w N	Compare N characters in line

Example:

	$ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
	a
	b
	c



=item B<unix2dos  >

unix2dos   [option] [FILE]

Convert FILE from unix to dos format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.

Options:

	-u	dos2unix
	-d	unix2dos



=item B<unlzma    >

unlzma     [OPTION]... [FILE]

Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-' or omitted)

Options:

	-c	Write to standard output
	-f	Force



=item B<unzip     >

unzip      [B<-opts>[modifiers]] file[.zip] [list] [B<-x> xlist] [B<-d> exdir]

Extract files from ZIP archives

Options:

	-l	List archive contents (with -q for short form)
	-n	Never overwrite existing files (default)
	-o	Overwrite files without prompting
	-p	Send output to stdout
	-q	Quiet
	-x	Exclude these files
	-d	Extract files into this directory



=item B<uptime    >

uptime            

Display the time since the last boot

Example:

	$ uptime
	  1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00



=item B<usleep    >

usleep     N

Pause for N microseconds

Example:

	$ usleep 1000000
	[pauses for 1 second]



=item B<uudecode  >

uudecode   [B<-o> outfile] [infile]

Uudecode a file
Finds outfile name in uuencoded source unless B<-o> is given

Example:

	$ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
	$ ls -l busybox
	-rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox



=item B<uuencode  >

uuencode   [B<-m>] [infile] stored_filename

Uuencode a file to stdout

Options:

	-m	Use base64 encoding per RFC1521

Example:

	$ uuencode busybox busybox
	begin 755 busybox
	<encoded file snipped>
	$ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
	$



=item B<vconfig   >

vconfig    COMMAND [OPTIONS]...

Create and remove virtual ethernet devices

Options:

	add		[interface-name] [vlan_id]
	rem		[vlan-name]
	set_flag	[interface-name] [flag-num] [0 | 1]
	set_egress_map	[vlan-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos]
	set_ingress_map	[vlan-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos]
	set_name_type	[name-type]



=item B<vi        >

vi         [OPTION] [FILE]...

Edit FILE

Options:

	-c	Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
	-R	Read-only - do not write to the file
	-H	Short help regarding available features



=item B<vlock     >

vlock      [OPTIONS]

Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.

Options:

	-a	Lock all VTs



=item B<watch     >

watch      [B<-n> seconds] [B<-t>] COMMAND...

Execute a program periodically

Options:

	-n	Loop period in seconds (default 2)
	-t	Don't print header

Example:

	$ watch date
	Mon Dec 17 10:31:40 GMT 2000
	Mon Dec 17 10:31:42 GMT 2000
	Mon Dec 17 10:31:44 GMT 2000



=item B<watchdog  >

watchdog   [B<-t> N[ms]] [B<-T> N[ms]] [B<-F>] DEV

Periodically write to watchdog device DEV

Options:

	-T N	Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
	-t N	Reset every N seconds (default 30)
	-F	Run in foreground

Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds



=item B<wc        >

wc         [OPTION]... [FILE]...

Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if
more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.

Options:

	-c	Print the byte counts
	-l	Print the newline counts
	-L	Print the length of the longest line
	-w	Print the word counts

Example:

	$ wc /etc/passwd
	     31      46    1365 /etc/passwd



=item B<wget      >

wget       	 [B<-c>|-B<-continue>] [B<-s>|-B<-spider>] [B<-q>|-B<-quiet>] [B<-O>|-B<-output>-document file]
	[-B<-header> 'header: value'] [B<-Y>|-B<-proxy> on/off] [B<-P> DIR]
	[B<-U>|-B<-user>-agent agent] url	

Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP

Options:

	-s	Spider mode - only check file existence
	-c	Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
	-q	Quiet
	-P	Set directory prefix to DIR
	-O	Save to filename ('-' for stdout)
	-U	Adjust 'User-Agent' field
	-Y	Use proxy ('on' or 'off')



=item B<which     >

which      [COMMAND...]

Locate a COMMAND

Example:

	$ which login
	/bin/login



=item B<who       >

who        [B<-a>]

Show who is logged on

Options:

	-a	show all



=item B<whoami    >

whoami            

Print the user name associated with the current effective user id



=item B<xargs     >

xargs      [OPTIONS] [COMMAND] [ARGS...]

Execute COMMAND on every item given by standard input

Options:

	-p	Ask user whether to run each command
	-r	Do not run command if input is empty
	-0	Input is separated by NUL characters
	-t	Print the command on stderr before execution
	-e[STR]	STR stops input processing
	-n N	Pass no more than N args to COMMAND
	-s N	Pass command line of no more than N bytes
	-x	Exit if size is exceeded

Example:

	$ ls | xargs gzip
	$ find . -name '*.c' -print | xargs rm



=item B<yes       >

yes        [OPTION]... [STRING]...

Repeatedly output a line with all specified STRING(s), or 'y'



=item B<zcat      >

zcat       FILE

Uncompress to stdout



=item B<zcip      >

zcip       [OPTIONS] ifname script

Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address

Options:

	-f		Run in foreground
	-q		Quit after obtaining address
	-r 169.254.x.x	Request this address first
	-v		Verbose

With no B<-q>, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts,
exits only on I/O errors (link down etc)



=back

=head1 LIBC NSS

GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior
of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
system data, such as passwords and group information.  This is implemented
using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the
/lib/libnss_* libraries.  BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make
use of NSS.  Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions
that require NSS.

If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to
directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without
using NSS.  This may allow you to run your system without the need for
installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.

When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require
that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular,
/etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).

Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc.  In
addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the
use of any NSS support files or libraries.

=head1 MAINTAINER

Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>

=head1 AUTHORS

The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or
not.  If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be
listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory.  If you should be
listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is
incorect, please send in an update.


=for html <br>

Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it>
	run-parts

=for html <br>

Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>

    Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
    core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
    Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
    nobody is going to actually read.

=for html <br>

Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>

    rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm

=for html <br>

Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>

    ftpput, ftpget

=for html <br>

Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>

    expr, hostid, logname, whoami

=for html <br>

John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>

    du, nslookup, sort

=for html <br>

Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>

    tiny-ls(ls)

=for html <br>

Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>

    fbset, ping, hostname

=for html <br>

Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>

    more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
    various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance

=for html <br>

Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>

	ipcalc

=for html <br>

Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>

    tftp client insmod powerpc support

=for html <br>

Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>

    pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.

=for html <br>

Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>

    httpd

=for html <br>

Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>

    Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
    logread), various fixes.

=for html <br>

Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>

    cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.

=for html <br>

Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>

    mktemp.c

=for html <br>

Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>

    documentation, bugfixes, test suite

=for html <br>

Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>

	ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence

=for html <br>

John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>

    tr

=for html <br>

Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>

    Common unarchving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
    nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
    Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.

=for html <br>

Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>

    cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
    mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
    get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines

    also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
    ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
    mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
    interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route

=for html <br>

Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>

    cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
    ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
    locale, various fixes
    and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.

=for html <br>

Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>

    Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
    still be found hiding here and there...

=for html <br>

Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>

    bug fixes, member of fan club

=for html <br>

Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>

    reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.

=for html <br>

Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>

    wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications

=for html <br>

Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>

    Lots of bugs fixes and patches.

=for html <br>

Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>

    Remote logging feature for syslogd

=for html <br>

Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>

    mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix

=for html <br>

Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>

    grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
    style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.

=for html <br>

Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>

    gzip, mini-netcat(nc)

=for html <br>

Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>

    tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance

=for html <br>

Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>

	devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.

=cut

